Pager, ko kuma a kira ta da beeper ko bleeper, wata na’ura ce ta sadarwa marar amfani da zaren waya wacce ke karɓa da kuma nuna saƙonni na rubutu ko saƙon murya. Pagers masu hanya guda ɗaya ta karɓar saƙo (one-way pagers) suna iya karɓar saƙonni ne kawai, yayin da response pagers da two-way pagers ke iya tabbatarwa, amsawa, da kuma tura saƙonni ta amfani da tsarin watsawa (transmitter) da aka gina a cikinsu.
Pagers suna aiki ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin aikawa da saƙo (paging system), wanda ya ƙunshi hanyoyi ko injina guda ɗaya ko fiye, wato (transmitters); ko kuma pager mai ɗauke da tsarin response da two-way pagers, base stations guda ɗaya ko fiye, tare da adadin pagers da masu amfani suke ɗauka. Waɗannan tsare-tsare na iya kasancewa ƙanana, kamar tsarin gidan abinci mai amfani da transmitter da ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki guda ɗaya, zuwa tsarin ƙasa-da-ƙasa mai ɗauke da dubban tashoshin transmitters da ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa.
An ƙirƙiri pagers tun a shekarun 1950 da 1960, kuma sun samu karɓuwa sosai daga shekarun 1980 har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Daga baya a ƙarni na 21, yawaitar wayoyin salula da wayoyin zamani (smartphones) masu damar aika saƙon rubutu ya rage kasuwar pager matuƙa. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana amfani da pagers a wasu hukumomin bayar da agajin gaggawa (emergency services) da jami’an tsaron jama’a, saboda tsarin zamani na pagers da ke maimaita ɗaukar saƙo (coverage overlap) tare da haɗin sadarwa na tauraron ɗan’adam, na iya zama mafi tabbas fiye da tsarin sadarwa na salula a wasu lokuta; musamman lokacin bala’o’i da kan faru bisa tsarin ɗabi’a ko dalilin ayyukan ɗan’adam. Wannan dalili ya sa hukumomin tsaron jama’a suke fifita pagers a kan wayoyin salula da sauran manhajojin sadarwa don isar da muhimman saƙonni.
Tarihin ƙirƙirar pager
An ƙaddamar da tsarin pager na farko a waya a shekarar 1949 ta hanyar kamfanin Al Gross. An ƙera wannan na’ura ne musamman don amfanin likitoci, amma a farko an sami adawa da suka saboda fargabar kasancewa cikin shirin kiran gaggawa koyaushe.
Ɗaya daga cikin sabis na farko da ya yi amfani da tsarin watsa saƙo (paging service) an ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1950 domin likitoci a yankin birnin New York. Likitoci suna biyan dala 12 ne a duk wata, suna riƙe da pager mai nauyin gram 200 wadda za ta karɓi saƙon waya a cikin nisan kilomita 40 ( daidai da kimanin mil 25) daga wajen watsawa guda ɗaya. Kamfanin Reevesound ne ya ƙera ta, kuma Telanswerphone suka ƙaddamar da ita.
A shekarar 1960, John Francis Mitchell ya haɗa fasahar walkie-talkie ta Motorola da fasahar rediyon mota don ƙirƙirar pager ta farko mai amfani da transistor. Daga wannan lokaci, fasahar pager ta ci gaba, kuma har zuwa watan Yuli 2016, ana ci gaba da amfani da ita a tsakanin ma’aikatan gaggawa.
A shekarar 1962, Bell System, ya ƙaddamar da tsarin watsa saƙo na Bellboy a baje kolin duniya na Seattle. Bellboy shi ne tsarin sadarwa na farko don watsa saƙo na ƙashin-kai.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, tone da voice radio paging suka shahara a tsakanin jami’an agajin gaggawa da ƙwararru. Ana kunna waɗannan pagers ta hanyar tashar watsawa da ke kusa ko ta lambar waya da aka ware ga kowace pager. A shekarun 1990, pagers suka shahara a tsakanin jama’a saboda kasancewar su masu rahusa, ƙanana, kuma amintattu fiye da wayoyin hannu a lokacin. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 aka haɓaka tsarin ReFLEX protocol.
Yayin da farashin wayoyin hannu ya ragu, ƙananan wayoyi irin su Motorola StarTAC da jerin Nokia Series 40 suka shiga kasuwa, haɗin sadarwa na salula ya bunƙasa, kuma wayoyin dijital suka rungumi aika saƙon rubutu, mafi yawan masu amfani da pagers a wajen fannoni na musamman sun koma wayoyin hannu a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. Motorola ta sanar da dakatar da kera sababbin pagers a 2001, duk da haka har yanzu ana amfani da su a manyan asibitoci. Har ila yau, jami’an gaggawa a yankunan karkara da ba su da wadataccen sabis ɗin salula suna amfani da pagers.
Durƙushewar pagers
A farkon shekarar 2002, amfani da pager ya fara raguwa da sauri a wurare irin su Arewacin Amurka saboda yawaitar wayoyin salula. A 2008, masana’antar pager ta Amurka ta samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na dala biliyan 2.1, ƙasa daga dala biliyan 6.2 a 2003. A Kanada, mutane 161,500 sun biya dala miliyan 18.5 don sabis na pager a 2013. Kamfanin Telus Communications ya sanar da dakatar da sabis ɗin pager a Kanada a ranar 31 Maris 2015, duk da cewa Bell, Rogers, da PageNet sun ci gaba da ba da sabis.
A watan Mayu 2020, NHSX ta sanar da shirin maye gurbin pagers da sabbin na’urorin sadarwa, wanda aka hanzarta samarwa saboda matsin lambar cutar COVID-19. A Agusta 2020, aka ƙaddamar da sabon tsarin sayen na’urorin sadarwa ga likitoci, wanda ya yi nufi kawar da pagers zuwa ƙarshen 2021, tare da amfani da na’urorin sadarwar zamani daga masu samarwa 25 da aka amince da su.
A Japan, sama da pagers miliyan 10 suna aiki a 1996, amma a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2019, kamfanin da ke samar da sabis na ƙarshe ya rufe sabis ɗin. A Rasha, an rufe kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na ƙarshe a watan Nuwamba 2021.
Nau’ikan pager
Pagers sun bambanta daga ƙananan beepers masu rahusa zuwa manya waɗanda aka inganta, suna kasu zuwa manyan rukuni takwas:
Beepers ko Tone-only Pagers
Waɗannan su ne mafi sauƙi kuma mafi arha a tsarin wannan na’ura. Ana kiran su beepers ne saboda a da suna fitar da sauti, amma na zamani suna amfani da nau’o’in sanarwar shigowar saƙo daban-daban, wasu suna fitar da sauti, wasu suna haskawa, wasu suna girgiza (vibration) ko kuma haɗa dukkan waɗannan. Yawancin pagers na gidan abinci suna cikin wannan rukuni.
Voice/Tone Pagers
Waɗannan na’urori suna bai wa mai amfani da su damar sauraron saƙon murya da aka ɗauka lokacin da aka karɓi sanarwa.
Numeric Pagers
Suna ɗauke da ƙaramin allon LCD wanda ke nuna lambobin waya ko sauran bayanai na lambobi (yawanci har zuwa harufa 10). Haka kuma, allon na iya nuna (pager codes), lambobin da aka riga aka yi musu fassara zuwa saƙonni da aka fahimta.
Alphanumeric Pagers
Waɗannan pagers suna da allon LCD mai inganci da ke iya nuna rubutu da alamomi (icons). Suna karɓar saƙonnin rubutu, sau da yawa ta imel ko kai tsaye zuwa tsarin paging. Ana bukatar mai tura saƙo ya shigar da saƙon wanda ya ƙunshi lambobi ko rubutu sannan ya tura. Idan babu saƙon da aka shigar, pager za ta iya yin sauti amma ba za a iya gani ko jin saƙo ba.
Response Pagers
Waɗannan su ma alphanumeric pagers ne da aka haɗa musu tsarin watsarwa (transmitter), suna iya tabbatar da karɓar saƙo da mayar da amsa. Suna kuma bai wa mai amfani damar zaɓar amsa daga jerin zaɓuɓɓuka, ko aika saƙonni da aka tanadar daga jerin adireshi da saƙonni da aka shigar tun farko. Wasu lokuta ana kiran su 1.5-way pagers ko 1.7-way pagers gwargwadon fasaharsu.
Two-way Pagers
Waɗannan su ne response pagers da ke da madannin QWERTY a jikinsu. Suna bai wa mai amfani damar mayar da amsa, ƙirƙirar sabbin saƙonni, da kuma tura su a kyauta.
One-way Modems
Waɗannan na’urori ne masu sarrafa bayanai da aka haɗa musu mai karɓar saƙo na pager, suna iya ɗaukar mataki kai tsaye bisa ga saƙonni da bayanan da suka karɓa.
Two-way Modems
Suna aiki kamar one-way modems, amma kuma suna iya tabbatar da karɓar saƙo da aika nasu saƙonni da bayanai.
Alfanun na’urar pager
Ingancin sadarwa
Pagers na da ƙarfi wajen sadarwa musamman a lokacin da tsarin sadarwar salula ya gaza, misali a lokacin bala’o’i na ɗabi’a ko na ayyukan ɗan’adam. Tana ba da damar sadarwa a wuraren da ke da ƙarancin siginar sabis ɗin waya, kuma tana iya aiki da ƙanƙanen ƙarfin sigina fiye da wayoyin salula.
Sadarwa cikin gaggawa
An ƙera na’urar pagers musamman don isar da saƙonni masu muhimmanci cikin gaggawa, ba tare da shafar hayaniyar sanarwar yau da kullum ba. Hakan yana tabbatar da cewa saƙon gaggawa na isa ga masu amfani.
Sauƙin amfani a fannoni na musamman
Ana amfani da ita sosai a fannin kiwon lafiya, likitoci na amfani da ita a asibitoci; tana taimaka wa jami’an tsaron jama’a, ma’aikatan agajin gaggawa, masu kashe gobara, da ƙungiyoyin ceto. Haka kuma ana amfani da ita har a gidajen abinci don sanar da abokan ciniki idan an kammala abinci, tana taimaka wa ‘yan jarida wajen samun saƙonni cikin lokaci, tare da taimaka wa masu bibiyar tsuntsaye a Birtaniya da Ireland wajen samun rahoton tsuntsaye masu wuyar samu.
Sirri da tsaro
Pagers ba sa amfani da sabis ɗin GPS ko Bluetooth, don haka babu yiwuwar bin sawun masu amfani da ita. Tana taimaka wajen kauce wa kiran waya marar amfani, saboda mutane kaɗan ne ke da lambar pager ta masu amfani da ita. Haka kuma tana iya aiki a wuraren da aka hana wayoyin salula saboda tsaro.
Ƙarancin kashe kuɗi
Tana da ƙarancin kashe kuɗi wajen gudanarwa idan aka kwatanta da wasu hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma ba ta buƙatar tsari mai wahala ko manyan na’urorin haɗi don amfani yin amfani.
Ƙalubalen na’urar pager
Raguwar masu amfani
Daga farkon shekarun 2000, wayoyin salula ƙanana, masu araha, kuma masu tsawon lokacin batiri sun sa yawancin mutane suka bar amfani da pagers. Wannan ya rage kasuwar na’urar sosai a duniya.
Taƙaituwar ayyuka
Pagers na iya karɓar saƙo kawai a cikin nau’in da aka tsara, misali ko dai lambobi kawai ko rubutu. Wasu nau’ikan na’urar ba sa iya aika saƙo, kuma ba su da fasaloli da yawa kamar wayoyin zamani.
Dogaro da tsarin watsarwa (transmission)
Pagers na bukatar cibiyar watsa saƙonni (paging system) mai aiki, tare da turken watsa bayanai (transmitters ko base stations). Idan wannan tsarin ya samu matsala, sadarwa ta tsaya ke nan.
Ƙarancin lokacin amfani
Na’urorin ba su dace da mu’amala ta yau da kullum ga dukkan jama’a kamar yadda wayoyin salula ke yi ba. Saboda haka amfani da su ya taƙaita ne ga fannoni na musamman kamar kiwon lafiya, sashen gaggawa, da wuraren da ake buƙatar tsaro mai tsanani.
Rashin aiki da sauran fasahohi
Pagers ba sa amfani da fasahohin zamani kamar GPS, Bluetooth, da intanet, ba sa iya yin aiki tare da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa ko manhajojin zamani, wanda hakan ke rage amfani da su a wannan zamani.
Manazarta
Disaster Recovery Journal. (2021). What you don’t know about paging – encrypted pagers and secure communication. Disaster Recovery Journal.
Friedman, W. A., et al. (2012). An observational study of hospital paging practices and workflow interruptions among on‑call residents. World Neurosurgery / PMC, PMCID: PMC3546576.
Khalifeh, A., Elomeiri, M., DiChiacchio, L., Romero, S. K., & Kavic, S. M. (2017). Quality of communication: Paging system use in the smartphone era. Journal of Health Care Communications, 2(64).
Manojlovich, M., et al. (2021). A qualitative study of the consequences of one‑way communication [Pager] in healthcare settings. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association.
Miller, J. A. (2019, juni 21). Why the hospital pager withstood the test of timeSadsrs. HealthTech Magazine.
*** Tarihin Wallafa Maƙalar ***
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