Paul Barthélemy Biya’a bi Mvondo shi ne ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Afirka da suka fi shahara wajen daɗewa a kan karagar mulki. Tun bayan da ya karɓi shugabancin ƙasar Kamaru a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1982, Biya ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙasar tsawon shekaru masu yawa ba tare da yankewa ba. Wannan ya sanya shi cikin jerin shugabanni mafi tsawon lokaci a mulki a duniya gabaɗaya, musamman a yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya.
| Siffa | Bayani |
| Suna | Paul Barthélemy Biya’a bi Mvondo |
| HaIhuwa | 13 ga Fabarairu, 1933 |
| W/haihuwa | Mvomeka’a, kusa da Sangmelima, Kudancin Kamaru |
| Ƙabila | Bulu (rassan Beti-Pahuin) |
| Ƙasa | Kamaru (Cameron) |
| Addini | Kiristanci (Katolika) |
| Mata | Chantal Biya (an yi auren a 1994) |
| ‘Ya’ya | Biyu (2) |
| Ilimi | Université de Paris (Sorbonne); École nationale d’administration (ENA), Faransa |
| Jam’iyya | Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM) |
| Shugaban da ya gada | Ahmadou Ahidjo |
| Muƙamai | – Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci (1968–1972); – Firayim Minista (1975–1982); – Shugaban Ƙasa (1982–yanzu) |
Mulkinsa ya kasance cakuɗe da nasarori da ƙalubale. A gefe guda, ya yi fice wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a cikin ƙasar, da kuma aiwatar da manufofin ci gaban tattalin arziki da suka taimaka wajen ɗaga darajar Kamaru a idon duniya. A hannu guda kuma, an sha zargin gwamnatinsa da mulkin kama-karya, rashin ‘yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da takura wa ‘yan adawa.
A tsawon mulkinsa, Paul Biya ya kafa tarihi a matsayin shugaba mai juriya da dabarun siyasa, wanda ya iya tsayawa kan mulki duk da matsin lamba daga cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. Haka kuma, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin diflomasiyyar Afirka, inda ya kasance mai kulla hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashe maƙwabta da ƙungiyoyin duniya.
Haihuwa da tashi
Paul Biya an haife shi ne a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1933, a ƙauyen Mvomeka’a, kusa da garin Sangmelima, a yankin Kudancin Kamaru, wanda ke cike da dazuka da ƙabilu masu magana da harsunan Beti-Pahuin. Yana daga cikin mutanen ƙabilar Bulu, wadda take ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan ƙabilar Beti, kuma wannan asali ne da ya taka rawa a tsarin siyasar Kamaru dagabaya.
Mahaifinsa, Etienne Mvondo Assam, malamin makarantar firamare ne mai tsantseni da kishin addini, wanda ya shahara wajen tarbiyyantar da yara bisa gaskiya da aiki tukuru. Mahaifiyarsa kuma, Anastasie Eyenga Elle, ta kasance mace mai ladabi, ilimi da ƙwazo, wadda ta kula da tarbiyyar ɗanta da kishin ilimi tun yana ƙarami.
Biya ya taso cikin yanayi mai sauƙi amma cike da tsari da bin ƙa’ida. Tun yana ɗan yaro, ya nuna alamomin natsuwa, hazaƙa da son karatu, abin da ya sa malamansa suka yaba da hankalinsa da jajircewarsa. Yawancin bayanai sun nuna cewa, tun daga matakin firamare, Biya ya kasance ɗalibi mai kamala, wanda yake karatu da nufin zama ɗan ƙasa mai amfani ga al’umma. Wannan tunanin ne ya zame masa tsani zuwa neman ilimi mai zurfi a cikin gida da waje, wanda daga baya ya zama jigon nasarorinsa a fagen siyasa.
Makarantu da neman ilimi
Paul Biya ya fara karatun firamare ne a garin Ebolowa, inda ya nuna hazaƙa da ƙwarewa a fannoni daban-daban. Bayan kammala wannan mataki, ya ci gaba da karatun sakandare a Collège Vogt da ke Yaoundé, wanda ke ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantu waɗanda Turawa suka samar a Kamaru. A nan ne ya ƙara ƙaimi wajen karatu da tarbiyya, ya kuma samun damar haɗuwa da malamai da abokan da daga bisani suka taka rawa a harkokin siyasa da mulkin ƙasa.
Biya ya sami damar zuwa ƙasashen waje domin ƙarin ilimi, inda ya tafi Faransa, ƙasar da ke da tasiri sosai a harkokin Kamaru bayan samun ‘yancin kai. A nan, ya kammala digiri a Jami’ar Sorbonne a fannin Harshe, Siyasa da Doka. Daga nan kuma ya shiga École nationale d’administration (ENA), wato wata makaranta ta musamman da ke horar da manyan jami’an gwamnati a Faransa. ENA ta shahara wajen fitar da shugabanni da ministoci a sassan Turai da Afirka, kuma horon da Biya ya samu a nan ya haɓaka masa ƙwarewa wajen gudanar da mulki da gudanar da al’amuran gwamnati.
Shigar shi aikin gwamnati
Bayan ya kammala karatunsa, a shekarar 1962 ya dawo gida Kamaru inda ya fara aiki a Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida, inda aka yaba da ƙwarewarsa, tsarinsa da bin doka. Daga bisani aka mayar da shi Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa, inda ya yi aiki kai tsaye ƙarƙashin Ahmadou Ahidjo, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko.
A cikin shekaru kaɗan, Biya ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen gudanar da aiki, lissafi, da tsare-tsare. A sakamakon haka, a shekarar 1968, aka naɗa shi sakataren majalisar ministoci, matsayi mai muhimmanci da ke nufin ya zama mai kula da mu’amala tsakanin sassa daban-daban na gwamnati. Bayan shekaru bakwai, a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1975, Ahmadou Ahidjo ya naɗa shi Firayim Ministan Kamaru, wanda ke nuna amincewa da basirarsa da amana a wurin shugaba. Wannan matsayi ya ba shi ƙwarewa mai zurfi a cikin siyasa da gudanar da gwamnati, wanda daga bisani ya buɗe masa hanya zuwa kan kujerar shugabancin ƙasar.
Zaman shi shugaban ƙasa
Bayan shekaru da dama yana aiki ƙarƙashin Ahmadou Ahidjo, a shekarar 1982, Ahidjo ya bayyana murabus ɗinsa daga shugabanci, yana mai cewa dalilan lafiya ne suka sa ya yanke wannan shawara. Bisa tsarin mulki, Firayim Minista Paul Biya ne ya zama wanda ya fi cancanta ya gaje shi. A haka, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1982, Biya ya karɓi ragamar mulki kuma ya zama Shugaban Ƙasa na biyu a tarihin Kamaru.
Farkon shekarun mulkinsa sun kasance cike da ƙwarin gwiwa da buri. Ya yi alƙawarin ci gaba da manufofin Ahidjo, amma tare da buɗe babin sauye-sauyen dimokuraɗiyya da haɗin kai. Duk da haka, bayan ‘yan shekaru, dangantakarsa da tsohon shugaba Ahidjo ta lalace, musamman bayan raɗe-raɗin cewa Ahidjo yana son dawo da tasirinsa daga bayan fage.
Wannan rashin jituwa ta kai ga yunƙurin juyin mulki a watan Afrilu, 1984, wanda wasu sojoji masu biyayya ga Ahidjo suka ƙaddamar da shi, amma aka gaza nasara. Wannan lamari ya zama muhimmin sauyi a siyasar Biya, domin daga wannan lokaci ne ya ƙarfafa tsarin tsaro da ikon shugaban ƙasa, tare da rage tasirin tsoffin masu mulki a gwamnati.
Bayan wannan rikici, Biya ya mayar da hankali wajen gina sabuwar gwamnati mai dogaro da kanta, tare da ƙarfafa tsarin mulki mai ɗorewa. Wannan ya ƙarfafa matsayinsa a matsayin shugaba mai ikon da babu sauƙi wajen ƙalubalantar shi, wanda hakan ya sa mulkinsa ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa yau.
Tsarin mulkinsa da manufofinsa
A farkon mulkinsa, Paul Biya ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙasar Kamaru ƙarƙashin tsarin jam’iyya ɗaya, wato Cameroon National Union (CNU), wanda tsohon shugaban ƙasa Ahmadou Ahidjo ya kafa a 1966 domin haɗe ƙasashen da suka haɗa kai bayan samun ‘yancin kai. A wannan lokaci, tsarin siyasa ya kasance a takure, inda jam’iyyar CNU ce kaɗai ke da ikon tsayawa takara, kuma gwamnati ke da cikakken iko kan harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa.
Duk da haka, zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, matsin lamba daga cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje ya ƙaru. Jama’a, ‘yan adawa, da ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka fara buƙatar sauye-sauyen dimokuraɗiyya da kafa jam’iyyu masu zaman kansu. A sakamakon haka, a shekarar 1990, Biya ya amince da kafa tsarin jam’iyyu da dama, wanda ya buɗe babi sabo a tarihin siyasar Kamaru. Wannan sauyi ya zama alama ta sabuwar duniyar siyasa, inda mutane suka sami ‘yancin kafa jam’iyyu da tsayawa takara.
A cikin wannan yanayi ne aka sake tsara jam’iyyar CNU ta koma Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM), jam’iyyar da ta zama ginshiƙin mulkinsa har zuwa yau. CPDM ta zama jam’iyyar da ke da ƙarfin siyasa a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar, musamman a yankunan da ke magana da Faransanci, kuma ta kasance hanyar tabbatar da mulkinsa da daidaiton ƙasa mai harsuna biyu (Faransanci da Ingilishi).
Manufofin mulkin Biya
Manufofin mulkin Biya tun daga farko sun mayar da hankali kan ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kuma kare zaman lafiya da haɗin kai a ƙasa mai bambancin harshe, addini, da ƙabilu. A ƙarƙashin gwamnatinsa, an aiwatar da manyan ayyukan gine-gine kamar faɗaɗa hanyoyin mota, gina makarantu da jami’o’i, da samar da asibitoci da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya musamman a yankunan karkara.
Fannin ilimi
A fannin ilimi, gwamnatinsa ta ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye na faɗaɗa damar karatu, tare da kafa cibiyoyin bincike da horar da malamai. Haka kuma, a fannin kiwon lafiya, gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari wajen yaƙi da cututtuka kamar maleriya, cutar kanjamau, da cututtukan yara.
Fannin tsaro
A fannin tsaro da zaman lafiya, Biya ya yi fice wajen tabbatar da haɗin kai tsakanin yankin da ke magana da Faransanci da na Ingilishi, musamman saboda matsalolin da suka taso daga rashin jituwa tsakanin waɗannan sassan ƙasar. Ya sha nanata muhimmancin ƙasa ɗaya mai haɗin kai, duk da ƙalubalen da ke tasowa daga wasu yankuna masu neman raba kai.
A fannin siyasa
A fannin zaɓe, Paul Biya ya ci gaba da lashe zaɓuɓɓuka da dama, wanda suka haɗa da shekarun 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997, 2004, 2011, 2018 da kuma na 2025. A yawancin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka, ya samu kaso mai yawa na ƙuri’u, abin da ya tabbatar da tsayuwarsa da tasirinsa a siyasar ƙasar, kodayake jam’iyyun adawa na zargin rashin gaskiya da rashin daidaito a wasu lokuta.
Kalubale da rikice-rikice
Duk da tsawon mulkinsa da ƙwarewarsa a siyasa, Paul Biya ya fuskanci manyan ƙalubale da rikice-rikice waɗanda suka shafi tsaro, siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Waɗannan matsaloli sun kasance cikin manyan abubuwan da suka rinjayi tasirin mulkinsa.
Rikicin Anglophone (Rikicin masu magana da Turanci)
Tun daga shekarar 2016, yankunan Arewa maso Yamma da Kudu maso Yamma na Kamaru, wato yankunan da suke amfani da harshen Ingilishi; suka fara zanga-zanga suna neman daidaito a tsarin mulki da walwala. Sun yi korafi cewa gwamnati tana fifita yankunan da ke magana da Faransanci, musamman a ɓangaren ilimi, shari’a, da muƙaman gwamnati.
Wannan zanga-zanga daga baya ta rikiɗe zuwa rikicin masu neman ɓallewa daga Kamaru domin kafa sabuwar ƙasa mai suna “Ambazonia.” Gwamnati ta mayar da martani da ƙarfi, ta tura dakarun soja don murƙushe tashin hankalin, wanda hakan ya jawo rikici mai tsanani, asarar rayuka, da barace-barace ga dubban jama’a. Wannan rikici har yanzu yana daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da gwamnati ke fuskanta, kuma ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce a tsakanin ƙasashen duniya dangane da hakkin bil’adama a Kamaru.
Cin hanci da rashawa
Wani babban ƙalubale da mulkin Paul Biya ke fuskanta shi ne cin hanci da rashawa. A lokuta da dama, an zargi jami’an gwamnati da yin amfani da muƙamansu wajen kwasar da dukiyar ƙasa. Duk da cewa Biya ya kafa kwamitin yaƙi da rashawa (CONAC) da wasu dokoki don magance matsalar. Rahotanni daga ƙungiyoyi na duniya kamar Transparency International sun ci gaba da nuna cewa Kamaru na daga cikin ƙasashen da rashawa ke faɗaɗa.
Nakasar tattalin arziki da aikin yi
Duk da cewa Kamaru ƙasa ce mai yalwar albarkatun ƙasa kamar mai, itatuwa, da kayan noma, har yanzu tana fama da matsalar tattalin arziki da rashin aikin yi, musamman a tsakanin matasa. Tattalin arzikin ƙasar ya dogara sosai da albarkatun ƙasa da kayayyakin fitarwa waje, yayin da masana’antu da sabbin ayyukan yi ke tafiyar wahainiya. Rashin daidaiton rarraba arzikin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙarin talauci, musamman a yankunan karkara.
Hare-haren Boko Haram
Yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Kamaru, wanda ke iyaka da Najeriya, ya daɗe yana fama da hare-haren ƙungiyar Boko Haram tun daga 2014. Wannan rikici ya shafi yankin Arewa mai nisa, inda mutane da dama suka rasa rayukansu, wasu kuma suka tsere daga gidajensu. Gwamnatin Biya ta tura dakarun soja da ke aiki tare da rundunar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙasashen yankin tafkin Chadi, domin yaƙar wannan ƙungiya. Duk da nasarori da aka samu a wasu lokuta, har yanzu rikicin ya ci gaba da zama barazana ga tsaron ƙasar.
Rayuwarsa ta ƙashin kai
Paul Biya yana da natsuwa da salon rayuwa mai cike da takatsantsan. Ba kamar wasu shugabanni ba, Biya yana ƙoƙarin nisantar da rayuwarsa ta ƙashin kai daga harkokin siyasa, wanda hakan ya sa ake kallon shi a matsayin mutum mai cike da nutsuwa da hankali.
A shekarar 1994, ya auri Chantal Biya, wata matashiya daga garin Yaoundé wadda ta shahara saboda kwalliyarta mai ban sha’awa, salo na zamani, da kuma aikin jin ƙai ta hanyar Chantal Biya Foundation. Wannan gidauniya tana taimaka wa marasa galihu, yara marasa lafiya, da kuma inganta harkokin kiwon lafiya a ƙasar.
Sunan Chantal Biya ya zama sananne a cikin ƙasar saboda salon tufafi da gashinta na musamman, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matan shugabanni a Afirka. Suna da ’ya’ya biyu, kuma ana bayyana dangin Biya a matsayin gida mai cike da haɗin kai da kulawa.
Duk da haka, Biya ya sha suka daga wasu ‘yan ƙasar saboda yawan shafe lokaci a Faransa domin hutu ko jinya, abin da wasu ke ganin alamar nesanta ne da matsalolin cikin gida. Sai dai magoya bayansa na cewa hakan yana cikin tsarin hutu da kula da lafiyarsa, kuma hakan bai zama barin al’amuran ƙasa ba.
Tasirin mulkinsa a Afirka
Mulkin Paul Biya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanayin siyasa da tsaro a yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin shugabanni masu ƙwarewa a nahiyar, ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a lokutan da rikice-rikice suka taso a ƙasashen makwabta kamar Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da Gabon.
Ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa irin su Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), da Union Douanière et Économique de l’Afrique Centrale (UDEAC), Biya ya ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashen yankin, yana mai jaddada muhimmancin zaman lafiya, kwanciyar hankali, da ci gaban tattalin arziki.
A fannin diplomasiyya da hulɗar ƙasashen waje, Biya ya tabbatar da dangantaka ta musamman da Faransa, wacce ta kasance babbar abokiyar hulɗar Kamaru tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai. Haka kuma, ya faɗaɗa alaƙa da Amurka ta fuskar yaƙi da ta’addanci, musamman kan Boko Haram, da China wajen samun jari da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa.
A siyasar Afirka, Paul Biya ana kallonsa a matsayin misali na shugaba mai karko, wanda ya daɗe yana mulki cikin nutsuwa fiye da yawancin takwarorinsa. Yana taka rawa sosai a Tarayyar Afirka (AU) da kuma Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) a matsayin wakilin da ke da ƙwarewa a harkokin tsaro da diflomasiyya. Duk da haka, wasu na ganin wannan tsawon lokaci a mulki ya daƙile damar sabbin jini shiga siyasa da kawo sabbin tsare-tsare masu ɗorewa.
Nasarorin mulkinsa
Mulkin Paul Biya ya bar gagarumin tasiri a tarihin Kamaru da yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya baki ɗaya. Daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka bayyana a lokacin mulkinsa akwai:
- Ƙarfafa tsarin mulki: Ya tabbatar da tsarin mulki da ya bai wa shugaban ƙasa cikakken iko, wanda ke ba shi damar tsara manufofi da jagorantar gwamnati tsawon lokaci.
- Zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali: Duk da ƙalubale na rikicin yankin Anglophone da hare-haren Boko Haram, Kamaru ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da daidaito da kwanciyar hankali a yankin.
- Haɗin kai na ƙasa: A matsayinta na ƙasa mai harsuna biyu (Faransanci da Ingilishi), Biya ya yi ƙoƙari wajen tabbatar da haɗin kan jama’a ta hanyar tsare-tsaren ilimi da zamantakewa.
- Tattalin arziki: Ya gudanar da manufofi na jawo masu zuba jarin daga waje da bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci da gine-gine, kodayake ana zarginsa da rashin ingantaccen rabon arzikin ƙasar ga talakawa.
Sai dai, akwai muƙalu da ra’ayoyi masu karo kan tasirin mulkinsa. Wasu na ganin Biya ya taimaka wajen kafa tushe mai ƙarfi na zaman lafiya da ci gaba, yayin da wasu ke kallon tsawon zamansa a mulki a matsayin abin da ya shaƙe cigaban dimokuraɗiyya da sabbin ra’ayoyi.
Amma duk da haka, Paul Biya ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawar gani a siyasar Afirka tun daga ƙarni na 20 har zuwa na 21, kuma tasirin mulkinsa yana ci gaba da bayyana a fannoni daban-daban na al’ummar Kamaru da yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya bakiɗaya.
Manazarta
Al Jazeera. (2022). Who is Paul Biya, Africa’s oldest leader? Al Jazeera.
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2024). Paul Biya. Encyclopedia Britannica.
BBC News. (2023). Cameroon President Paul Biya profile.BBC News.
Reuters. (2024). Cameroon’s Biya marks 40 years in power amid Anglophone crisis.Reuters.
United Nations. (2021). Cameroon: Country Profile and Leadership. United Nations
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