Pneumonia wata cuta ce mai tsanani da ke shafar huhu, wato sashen jiki da ke da alhakin shakar iska da fitar da ita daga jiki. Wannan cuta tana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin bakteriya ko ƙwayoyin cuta ko fungi suka shiga cikin huhu, suka haifar da kumburi da cikar alveoli da ruwa ko dattin jini. Wannan yanayi yana hana huhu yin aikin fitar numfashi yadda ya kamata, wanda hakan kan sa majinyaci ya samu wahalar numfashi da sauran matsalolin lafiya.
Pneumonia tana daga cikin manyan cututtukan da ke haddasa mutuwar mutane a duniya, musamman a yara ƙanana da ke ƙasa da shekaru biyar, tsofaffi, da kuma mutanen da garkuwar jikinsu ta raunana. A ƙasashe masu tasowa, musamman a wasu sassan Afirka, pneumonia tana da alaƙa da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli, cunkoson jama’a, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma ƙarancin samun kulawar lafiya cikin gaggawa.
A duk shekara, miliyoyin mutane a duniya suna kamuwa da cutar pneumonia. Wasu na warkewa cikin sauƙi idan aka gano cutar da wuri kuma aka yi magani yadda ya dace, amma idan ba a kula da ita ba cikin gaggawa, cutar na iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani ko ma mutuwa. Saboda haka, fahimtar cutar pneumonia, hanyoyin yaɗuwarta, alamominta, da matakan kariya yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen rage yaɗuwar cutar da kare lafiyar al’umma.
Ma’anar cutar pneumonia
Pneumonia cuta ce da ke faruwa lokacin da huhu suka kamu da kumburi sakamakon kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta kamar bacteria, virus, ko fungi. Wannan kumburi yana sa alveoli, wato ƙananan hanyoyin iska na cikin huhu, su cika da ruwa, majina, ko wasu abubuwa na jini. Idan hakan ta faru, huhu ba za su iya yin musayar iska yadda ya kamata ba, wanda hakan ke sa jiki ya rasa iskar oxygen da yake bukata.
Mafi yawan lokuta, pneumonia na faruwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da bacteria kamar Streptococcus pneumoniae, amma wasu kwayoyin cuta kamar waɗanda ke haddasa mura ko influenza na iya haifar da ita. Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta fungi na iya haddasa pneumonia, musamman ga mutanen da garkuwar jikinsu ta raunana.
Cutar pneumonia tana iya shafar huhu ɗaya kawai ko kuma duka biyun. Idan kumburin ya mamaye babban ɓangare na huhu, majinyaci na iya samun matsananciyar wahalar numfashi, zazzaɓi mai tsanani, tari mai majina, da gajiya mai yawa. Saboda haka, pneumonia tana daga cikin cututtukan numfashi da ke bukatar kulawa da wuri domin kauce wa matsalolin da ka iya tasowa.
Tarihin cutar pneumonia
Cutar pneumonia tana da dogon tarihi a ilimin likitanci, kuma tun daɗewa ana kallon ta a matsayin wata cuta mai haɗari da ke shafar huhu. A tsoffin rubuce-rubuce na likitanci, an bayyana cututtukan huhu da suke haddasa zazzaɓi da wahalar numfashi tun zamanin tsoffin likitocin Girka kamar a ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. A wancan lokaci, likitoci sun lura cewa wasu marasa lafiya suna fama da zazzaɓi, tari, da wahalar numfashi, kuma suna iya mutuwa cikin ɗan lokaci, kodayake ba a san ainihin dalilin cutar ba a wancan zamani.
A ƙarni na 19 ne aka fara fahimtar dalilan pneumonia da kyau, musamman bayan cigaban ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta (microbiology). A cikin shekarar 1881, wani masanin kimiyya mai suna… ya gano wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haddasa cututtukan numfashi, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen gano cewa wasu nau’ikan bakteriya na iya haddasa pneumonia. Bayan haka, an gano ƙwayar cuta Streptococcus pneumoniae, wadda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan kamuwa da cutar pneumonia a duniya.
A farkon ƙarni na 20, pneumonia ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwar mutane, musamman kafin gano magungunan antibiotics. Kafin shekarar 1940, mutane da dama da suka kamu da pneumonia ba sa samun magani mai inganci, wanda hakan ya sa cutar ta zama mai haɗari sosai. Bayan gano antibiotics kamar penicillin, an samu gagarumin sauyi wajen magance cutar, wanda ya rage yawan mace mace sakamakon pneumonia.
Duk da wannan cigaba, pneumonia har yanzu tana daga cikin manyan cututtukan da ke haddasa mutuwa a duniya, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. A yau, ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike don fahimtar cutar da kuma samar da sabbin hanyoyin rigakafi da magani.
Nau’ikan pneumonia
Pneumonia tana da nau’ika daban daban, kuma ana iya rarraba su ta hanyoyi daban, kamar bisa ga dalilin kamuwa da cutar ko kuma wurin da aka kamu da ita.
Bacterial pneumonia
Wannan nau’in pneumonia yana faruwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na bakteriya. Shi ne ɗaya daga cikin nau’ikan da suka fi yawa, musamman a cikin manya. Mafi yawan lokuta, ƙwayar cutar Streptococcus pneumoniae ce ke haddasa shi, amma wasu bakteriya kamar Haemophilus influenzae ko Staphylococcus aureus na iya haifar da shi. Wannan nau’in pneumonia yawanci yana haifar da zazzaɓi mai tsanani, tari mai majina, da ciwon ƙirji.
Viral pneumonia
Wannan nau’in yana faruwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus. Sau da yawa yana faruwa bayan mutum ya kamu da mura ko influenza. Ƙwayoyin cuta kamar influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), ko coronavirus na iya haifar da pneumonia. Alamomin wannan nau’in suna iya zama da sauƙi a wasu lokuta, amma a wasu mutane suna iya zama mai tsanani.
Fungal pneumonia
Fungal pneumonia na faruwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da ƙwayoyin fungi. Wannan nau’in ba ya yawan faruwa ga mutane masu lafiya, amma yana iya shafar mutanen da garkuwar jikinsu ta raunana, kamar masu fama da wasu cututtuka ko waɗanda ke karɓar magungunan da ke rage garkuwar jiki.
Community-acquired pneumonia
Wannan nau’in pneumonia yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ya kamu da cutar a cikin al’umma, ba a cikin asibiti ba. Shi ne mafi yawan nau’in pneumonia a duniya, kuma yana iya faruwa ga mutane na kowane zamani.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Wannan nau’in yana faruwa ne ga mutanen da suka kamu da pneumonia a lokacin da suke asibiti saboda wata cuta. Wannan nau’in yawanci yana da tsanani saboda wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haddasa shi suna da juriya ga wasu magunguna.
Aspiration pneumonia
Wannan nau’in yana faruwa ne lokacin da abinci, ruwa, ko amai ya shiga cikin huhu maimakon ya wuce zuwa ciki. Wannan yanayi yana sa ƙwayoyin cuta su shiga cikin huhu, wanda ke haifar da kumburi da kamuwa da cuta.
Hanyoyin yaɗuwar cutar pneumonia
Cutar pneumonia na yaɗuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, musamman ta hanyar hulɗar mutane da juna ko kuma kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta daga muhalli. Mafi yawan lokuta, cutar tana yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar iska lokacin da mutum mai ɗauke da cutar ya yi tari ko atishawa. A irin wannan yanayi, ƙananan ƙwayoyin ruwa da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta suna shiga cikin iska, sannan wasu mutane su shaƙe su ta hanci ko baki. Wannan hanya tana daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da pneumonia ke yaɗuwa, musamman a wuraren da mutane ke cunkushe kamar makarantu, asibitoci, ko gidaje masu mutane da yawa.
Haka kuma, pneumonia na iya yaɗuwa idan mutum ya taɓa abubuwa da aka gurɓata da ƙwayoyin cuta sannan ya taɓa bakinsa, hancinsa, ko idonsa. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa a kan abubuwa kamar tebur, ƙofa, ko kayan amfani na yau da kullum na ɗan lokaci, wanda hakan ke ba su damar shiga jikin mutum.
A wasu lokuta kuma, pneumonia na faruwa ne sakamakon ƙwayoyin cuta da ke rayuwa a cikin jikin mutum tun da farko. Idan garkuwar jiki ta raunana, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya shiga cikin huhu su haifar da kumburi da kamuwa da cutar. Wannan yana faruwa musamman ga tsofaffi, jarirai, ko mutanen da ke fama da wasu cututtuka.
Wani nau’in pneumonia kuma yana faruwa ne lokacin da abinci, ruwa, ko amai ya shiga cikin huhu maimakon ya wuce zuwa cikin ciki. Wannan yanayi, wanda ake kira aspiration, na iya sa ƙwayoyin cuta su shiga huhu su haifar da kamuwa da cutar pneumonia.
Alamomin cutar pneumonia
Alamomin pneumonia suna bambanta dangane da shekarun majinyaci, lafiyar jikinsa, da kuma nau’in ƙwayar cutar da ta haddasa cutar. Duk da haka, akwai wasu alamomi da aka fi gani a yawancin marasa lafiya.
Zazzaɓi mai tsanani
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamomin pneumonia shi ne zazzaɓi mai tsanani, wanda yawanci yana tare da jin sanyi ko rawar jiki. Majinyaci na iya samun tari, wanda a wasu lokuta yana fitar da majina mai kauri ko mai launi. Wannan majina na iya kasancewa koriya, rawaya, ko wani lokacin tana ɗauke da jini.
Wahalar numfashi
Haka kuma, mutane da ke fama da pneumonia na iya samun wahalar numfashi ko jin kamar ba sa samun iskar da ta isa. Wannan yanayi na iya sa majinyaci ya riƙa numfashi da sauri ko kuma ya ji ciwo a kirji lokacin da yake numfashi ko tari.
Numfashi da sauri
A cikin yara ƙanana, alamomin pneumonia na iya haɗawa da numfashi mai sauri, kumburin hanci yayin numfashi, kuka mai yawa, da kuma rashin kuzari. Idan ba a kula da cutar cikin gaggawa ba, tana iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani ga lafiyar majinyaci.
Sauran alamomi
Wasu alamomi kuma sun haɗa da ciwon kai, gajiya mai yawa, ciwon tsoka, da rashin sha’awar cin abinci. A wasu lokuta, musamman ga tsofaffi, pneumonia na iya haifar da ruɗani ko rikicewar tunani, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa cutar ta yi tasiri sosai ga jiki.
Illoli da matsalolin cutar pneumonia
Cutar pneumonia na iya haifar da illoli da matsaloli masu tsanani, musamman idan ba a gano cutar da wuri ba ko kuma ba a samu magani cikin gaggawa ba.
Matsalar numfashi
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin pneumonia shi ne wahalar numfashi mai tsanani, wadda ke faruwa lokacin da kumburin da ke cikin huhu ya hana jiki samun iskar oxygen yadda ya kamata. Idan wannan yanayi ya tsananta, majinyaci na iya bukatar kulawa ta musamman a asibiti, har ma a ba shi taimakon numfashi ta na’ura.
Yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cutar
Wata matsala kuma ita ce yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa jini, wanda ake kira septicemia ko sepsis. Wannan yanayi yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta daga huhu suka shiga cikin jini, suka bazu zuwa sauran sassan jiki. Sepsis na iya zama mai haɗari sosai, domin yana iya haifar da gazawar wasu sassan jiki kamar ƙoda, zuciya, ko hanta.
Taruwar ruwa a cikin ƙirji
Pneumonia na iya haifar da taruwar ruwa a cikin kirji, wanda ake kira pleural effusion. Wannan ruwa yana taruwa ne a tsakanin bangon huhu da bangon ƙirji, kuma yana iya hana huhu yin numfashi yadda ya kamata. A wasu lokuta, wannan ruwa na iya zama mai ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haifar da wani yanayi da ake kira empyema, wato taruwar majina ko datti a cikin kirji.
Lalacewar sassan huhu
A wasu marasa lafiya kuma, pneumonia na iya haifar da lalacewar wasu sassan huhu, wanda ke iya sa huhu su daina aiki yadda ya kamata. Wannan na iya haifar da matsalar numfashi na dogon lokaci. Ga yara ƙanana da tsofaffi, pneumonia na iya zama mai haɗari sosai, domin garkuwar jikinsu ba ta da ƙarfi sosai don yaƙar cutar.
Hanyoyin gwaje-gwajen pneumonia
Domin tabbatar da cewa mutum na fama da pneumonia, likitoci suna amfani da hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje daban daban. Waɗannan gwaje-gwaje suna taimakawa wajen gano ko akwai cutar, da kuma irin ƙwayar cutar da ta haddasa ta.
Ɗaukar hoton ƙirji
Daya daga cikin hanyoyin gwaji mafi muhimmanci shi ne hoton kirji (chest X-ray). Wannan gwajin yana ba likita damar ganin yanayin huhu a cikin jiki. Idan akwai kumburi ko taruwar ruwa a ciki, hoton X-ray zai nuna wannan canji, wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano pneumonia.
Gwajin jini
Haka kuma, ana iya yin gwajin jini domin duba ko jiki na fama da cutar. Gwajin jini na iya nuna karuwar fararen ƙwayoyin jini, wanda ke nuna cewa jiki na yaƙar kamuwa da cuta.
Gwajin majina
A wasu lokuta, likitoci na iya yin gwajin majina (sputum test). A wannan gwaji, ana ɗaukar majinar da majinyaci ke fitarwa ta tari sannan a bincika ta a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje domin gano irin ƙwayar cutar da ta haddasa pneumonia. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen zaɓar magani mafi dacewa.
Gwajin iskar oxygen
Haka kuma, ana iya yin gwajin oxygen a jini (pulse oximetry) domin auna yawan iskar oxygen da ke cikin jinin majinyaci. Idan matakin oxygen ya yi ƙasa, hakan na iya nuna cewa huhu ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda pneumonia.
CT scan
A wasu lokuta na musamman, ana iya amfani da CT scan na kirji domin samun ƙarin bayani game da yanayin huhu, musamman idan gwajin X-ray bai bayar da cikakken bayani ba. Wannan gwaji na taimakawa wajen gano matsaloli da ka iya faruwa a cikin huhu sakamakon pneumonia.
Magungunan pneumonia
Maganin pneumonia yana dogara ne da dalilin cutar, wato ko bakteriya, virus, ko fungi ne suka haddasa ta, da kuma yanayin lafiyar majinyaci. Idan ƙwayoyin cuta na bakteriya ne suka haddasa pneumonia, likitoci kan ba da antibiotics domin kashe ƙwayoyin cutar. Waɗannan magunguna na taimakawa wajen rage kumburin huhu da kuma daƙile yaɗuwar cutar a cikin jiki. Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci majinyaci ya sha maganin yadda likita ya tsara, domin daƙile yiwuwar dawowar cutar ko juriya ga magunguna.
Idan ƙwayoyin cuta (virus) ne suka haddasa pneumonia, yawanci maganin yana mai da hankali ne kan rage alamomin cutar da taimaka wa jiki ya yaƙi cutar da kansa. A irin wannan yanayi, ana iya ba majinyaci magungunan rage zazzaɓi, rage ciwo, da kuma wasu magungunan da ke taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙa numfashi. A wasu lokuta na musamman, ana iya amfani da magungunan antiviral idan an gano cewa wata ƙwayar cuta ce ta musamman ta haddasa cutar.
Ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsananciyar pneumonia, ana iya bukatar kulawa a asibiti, inda za a ba su ruwa ta jijiya, oxygen domin taimaka wa numfashi, ko wasu hanyoyin kulawa na musamman. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kare rayuwar majinyaci da kuma hana matsaloli masu tsanani.
Hanyoyin kariya da rigakafi
Kariya daga pneumonia na da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen rage yawan kamuwa da cutar. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin kariya shi ne tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki, musamman wanke hannu akai-akai da ruwa da sabulu. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cutar da ke haddasa cututtukan numfashi.
Haka kuma, rigakafi yana da muhimmiyar rawar takawa wajen kariya daga wasu nau’ikan pneumonia. Akwai alluran rigakafi da ke kare mutane daga wasu kwayoyin cuta da ke haddasa pneumonia, musamman ga yara ƙanana, tsofaffi, da mutanen da garkuwar jikinsu ta raunana. Baya ga haka, kauce wa shan taba, samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, da kula da lafiyar jiki na taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa garkuwar jiki domin yaƙar cututtuka.
Pneumonia a Najeriya
A Najeriya, pneumonia na daga cikin manyan cututtukan da ke haddasa rashin lafiya da mace-mace, musamman a cikin yara ƙanana. Rahotanni na lafiya sun nuna cewa cutar tana daga cikin manyan dalilan mutuwar yara da ke ƙasa da shekaru biyar. Wannan na faruwa ne sakamakon wasu matsaloli kamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ƙarancin samun kulawar lafiya cikin gaggawa, da kuma matsalolin muhalli.
Wasu yankuna na Najeriya na fuskantar matsalolin da ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da pneumonia, kamar cunkoson jama’a, rashin tsaftar muhalli, da kuma hayaƙi daga girke-girke ko shan taba. Waɗannan abubuwa na iya raunana tsarin numfashi ko kuma su sa mutane su fi saurin kamuwa da cututtukan huhu.
Duk da waɗannan ƙalubale, hukumomin lafiya a Najeriya suna ƙoƙarin rage yaɗuwar pneumonia ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ana gudanar da shirye-shirye na rigakafin yara, wayar da kan jama’a game da muhimmancin tsafta, da kuma ƙarfafa mutane su nemi kulawar lafiya da wuri idan suka fara ganin alamomin cutar.
Haka kuma, cibiyoyin lafiya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna aiki tare domin samar da magunguna, inganta tsarin lura da cututtuka, da kuma faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen rigakafi. Waɗannan matakai suna taimakawa wajen rage yawan kamuwa da pneumonia da kuma kare lafiyar al’umma a Najeriya.
Manazarta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, October 2). Pneumonia: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. (2020, October 17). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1204–1222.
National Centre for Disease Control. (2022, May 12). Respiratory infections surveillance report: Nigeria. National Centers for Disease Control.
Rudan, I., Boschi-Pinto, C., Biloglav, Z., Mulholland, K., & Campbell, H. (2013, January 24). Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(5), 408–416.
World Health Organization. (2023, November 11). Pneumoni.
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