Rabies

Rabies wata cuta ce mai tsananin hatsari da ake samu daga ƙwayar cuta mai suna Rabies virus, wadda take daga cikin Lyssavirus a cikin dangin ƙwayoyin cuta da ake kira Rhabdoviridae. Wannan ƙwayar cuta tana kama jijiyoyin jiki, musamman na ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙashin baya (central nervous system), har ta kai ga kisa idan ba a yi magani cikin gaggawa ba. Rabies cuta ce da ake samu daga dabbobin daji da kuma na gida, musamman karnuka, waɗanda suke ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin yaɗuwarta a duniya.

Rabies ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin cututtuka da ɗan’adam ya sani tun tuni, domin an riga an san alamominta tun kafin a fara gano ƙwayar cutar a ƙarni na 19. Haka kuma, duk da ci gaban kimiyya, cutar rabies har yanzu tana daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi kashe mutane idan suka bayyana alamomi, saboda kusan babu magani idan an bari cutar ta shiga matakin bayyanar da alamominta.

Tarihin ƙwayar cutar rabies

Rabies ɗaya ce daga cikin tsoffin cututtuka da aka sani a tarihin bil’adama. Rubuce-rubucen farko game da cutar sun fito ne daga tsofaffin dauloli kamar Babila da Girka, inda aka bayyana dabbobin da ke kama da hauka suna cizon mutane. Kalmar rabies ta samo asali ne daga Latin ”rabere”, wato “hauka”. A ƙarni na 19 ne aka fara fahimtar ƙwayar cutar a matsayin virus mai kama jijiyoyi, kuma daga nan ne aka samu cigaba wajen bincike da magani.

Muhimmiyar nasara a tarihin rabies ita ce aikin Louis Pasteur a shekarar 1885, wanda ya ƙirƙiri riga-kafin farko na cutar rabies. Wannan ya zama babbar juyin juya hali a kimiyyar cututtuka saboda shi ne riga-kafin farko da aka yi amfani da shi domin maganin ƙwayar cutar ga ɗan’adam. Daga wannan lokaci, ƙoƙarin yaƙi da rabies ya ci gaba, musamman ta hanyar riga-kafin karnuka da dabbobin gida, saboda su ne manyan masu yaɗa cutar ga mutane.

A duniya, rabies ta kasance babbar matsala musamman a ƙasashen Asiya da Afirka inda karnukan da ba su da riga-kafi suke yawan yawo a titi. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa kusan mutane 59,000 ne ke mutuwa duk shekara saboda rabies, kuma mafi yawan waɗanda ke mutuwa yara ne ƙasa da shekara 15, saboda yawan hulɗa da karnuka.

A Najeriya, rabies ba sabon abu ba ne. An dade da sanin cutar a cikin al’ummar ƙauyuka ta hanyar lura da karnuka masu “hauka” ko “cizon hauka”. A tarihi, an samu rahotanni tun farkon ƙarni na 20 lokacin da aka fara shigo da tsarin kiwon lafiya na zamani. Duk da cewa akwai dokoki da hanyoyin riga-kafi, har yanzu rabies tana daga cikin manyan cututtuka masu hatsari a Najeriya.

Babban dalilin haka shi ne yawan karnukan da ba a kulawa da su, da kuma ƙarancin samun riga-kafi a karkara da birane. Rahotanni daga cibiyoyin bincike da asibitocin dabbobi sun nuna cewa Najeriya tana daga cikin ƙasashen da ake samun mutuwar mutane saboda cutar rabies, musamman a yankunan da jama’a ke rayuwa da karnuka ba tare da yin musu allurar riga-kafi ba. Haka kuma, akwai al’ada a wasu yankuna na amfani da karnuka wajen tsaro, farauta, da wasanni, wanda hakan ke ƙara haɗarin yaɗuwar cutar.

Yadda rabies ke yaɗuwa

Rabies cuta ce da take yaɗuwa ta hanyar cuɗanyar kai tsaye da ruwan jikin dabba ko mutum da ya kamu da cutar, musamman ta hanyar cizo. Babbar hanya da aka fi sani ita ce cizon karnuka, domin yawancin lokutan da mutane suka kamu da rabies a duniya, musamman a Najeriya, suna da alaƙa da karnuka da ba su da riga-kafi.

Ƙwayar cutar tana yawaita ne a cikin yawu na dabbar da ta kamu. Idan dabbar ta ciji mutum ko wata dabba, ƙwayar tana shiga ta cikin raunuka da aka samu, daga nan kuma tana matsawa a hankali cikin jijiyoyin jiki har ta isa ƙwaƙwalwa. Idan ta shiga ƙwaƙwalwa, sai cutar ta fara bayyana  alamominta masu tsanani.

Baya ga cizo, akwai wasu hanyoyi da ake kamuwa da cutar, duk da cewa suna da wahala amma ana iya samun su. Waɗannan hanyoyi sun haɗa da:

• Shigar yawun bakin dabba mai dauke da cutar cikin idanu, hanci ko baki.
• Goga jini ko ruwan jikin dabba da ta kamu da rabies a buɗaɗɗen rauni.
• A wasu lokuta da ba kasafai ba, an samu rahoton rabies daga dasa sassan jiki (organ transplant) daga wanda bai san yana ɗauke da cutar ba.

Rabies ba ta yaɗuwa ta hanyar shaƙar iska, shan ruwa ko cin abinci kai tsaye tare da mai cutar. Haka nan kuma ba ta yaɗuwa daga mu’amala ta yau da kullum, kamar runguma ko musabaha, da wanda ke ɗauke da cutar.

Mafi yawanci, cutar tana yaɗuwa a wuraren da ake da yawan dabbobin da ba su da riga-kafi, musamman karnuka da kyanwa. A Najeriya, matsalar tana da alaƙa da yawan karnukan da ake bari suna yawo a titi ba tare da kulawar likitan dabbobi ba.

Alamomin rabies a jikin mutane

Alamomin rabies sukan fara bayyana ne bayan wani lokaci da mutum ya kamu da cutar. Wannan lokaci na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 20 zuwa sama da watanni biyu, sai dai mafi yawan lokuta alamomin suna bayyana tsakanin makonni biyu zuwa shida bayan cizo.

A farkon lokaci, mutum na iya samun alamomi marasa tabbas waɗanda suka yi kama da na mura ko ciwon jiki, kamar:

• Jin rauni, kaikayi ko zafi a wurin da dabba ta ciji.
• Zazzaɓi sama-sama.
• Jin kasala ko gajiya.
• Ciwon kai da rashin daɗin jiki gabaɗaya.

Bayan wannan alamomi, cutar na matsawa zuwa ga ayyukan jijiyoyi (nervous system), inda take haifar da manyan alamomi masu haɗari. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

• Tsananin tsoro da rashin natsuwa: Mutum na iya shiga tashin hankali ko fargaba.
• Ciwon tsoka da jijiyoyi: Jiki na yin motsi da ɗaukar yanayi marar daidaito.
• Tsoron ruwa: Yawancin masu rabies suna jin tsoro ko ƙyamar shan ruwa saboda zafin da suke ji a maƙogwaro yayin yunƙurin sha. Wannan shi ne ɗaya daga cikin alamomin da suka fi bayyana cutar.
• Tsoron iska: Wasu suna jin tsoro ko rashin iya jurewar shaƙar iska mai ƙarfi.
• Amai, jiri, da tsananin ciwon kai: Cutar na ƙara haɗuwa da matsalolin jiki.
• Rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa: Ana iya samun hauka, mantuwa, ko ganin abubuwan da ba su wanzu ba (hallucination).
• Rashin ikon motsa jiki: A wasu lokuta, rabies na iya haifar da tsananin shanyewar jiki har ya kai ga mutuwa.

Da zarar waɗannan alamomin sun bayyana, mutum kan mutu cikin kwanaki kaɗan zuwa mako guda saboda shanyewar numfashi da sauran sassan jiki. Rabies cuta ce da kusan ba ta da magani.

Illolin rabies da tasirinsa

Rabies cuta ce mai matuƙar haɗari saboda tana kai hari kai tsaye ga tsarin jijiyoyi, wanda shi ne cibiyar da ke sarrafa dukkan ayyukan jikin ɗan’adam. Babban illar cutar ita ce mutuwa, domin kusan duk wanda cutar ta kai ga matakin bayyanar alamomi ba ya tsira. Wannan ya sa ake ɗaukar rabies a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi kisa a duniya.

Illoli ga jikin mutum

Da zarar rabies ta shiga ƙwaƙwalwa, tana kawo sauye-sauye masu tsanani a aikin jiki kamar:

• Shanyewar jiki (paralysis): Wannan na iya faruwa ne daga ɓangaren da aka ciza, sannan ta bazu zuwa sauran sassan jiki.
• Gaza sarrafa motsi da tunani: Mutum zai iya fuskantar hauka, rikicewar tunani, ko kuma hallucinations.
• Tsananin wahalar numfashi: Lokacin da cutar ta kama jijiyoyin da ke sarrafa numfashi, mutum zai fuskanci wahalar numfashi sannan ya mutu.
• Rashin ruwa a jiki da raunin garkuwar jiki: Saboda yawan amai, tsananin tashin hankali da rashin cin abinci, mutum na iya shiga cikin matsanancin yanayi kafin mutuwa.

Illoli ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki

Rabies ba wai cuta ce da ta shafi mutum kaɗai ba, tana kuma haifar da matsaloli ga al’umma da ƙasa baki ɗaya.

• Tsoro: A al’ummomi da ke fama da rabies, mutane kan ji tsoron karnuka da dabbobin gida. Wannan yana iya shafar hulɗar da ake yi da dabbobi da kuma amfani da su wajen tsaro ko farauta.
• Nakasa tattalin arziki: Yawan kashe kuɗi wajen neman magani, yin gwaje-gwaje, da yin allurar riga-kafi bayan cizo na jawo wa al’umma da ƙasa asara mai yawa.
• Illolin dabbobi: Kasancewar rabies cuta ce da dabbobi kan ɗauka, ana yawan kashe karnuka da dabbobin da ake zargi domin hana yaɗuwar cutar. Wannan kan shafi sana’o’in kiwon dabbobi da ma ayyukan da ake yi da su.

Tasirin ƙwayar cutar rabies

A duniya, rabies na kashe dubban mutane duk shekara, musamman a yankunan da ba a samar da isassun riga-kafi ga karnuka ba. A Najeriya, matsalar rabies tana da alaƙa da:

• Rashin yin riga-kafin dabbobi a kai a kai.
• Rashin isassun wuraren bayar da allurar riga-kafi bayan cizo.
• Jahilci da rashin sanin muhimmancin gaggauta neman magani bayan cizon dabba.

Saboda haka, rabies ba wai cuta ce ta lafiya kaɗai ba, har ila yau cuta ce da illa ga tattalin arziki da zamantakewa wadda take buƙatar tsauraran matakan kariya.

Riga-kafi da hanyoyin kariya daga rabies

Rabies cuta ce da za a iya kauce mata gabaɗaya idan aka ɗauki matakan kariya da suka dace. Duk da cewa ba ta da magani idan ta kai matakin bayyana alamomi, an tabbatar da cewa riga-kafi da kulawa cikin gaggawa suna iya ceton rayuka.

Riga-kafi ga mutane

Riga-kafi kafin kamuwa

Ana ba wa wasu rukuni na mutane da ke cikin haɗari musamman, kamar likitocin dabbobi, ma’aikatan bincike, masu aikin gona, da kuma mutanen da ke rayuwa a yankunan da rabies ke da yawa.

Ana yin allurar riga-kafi a jere kafin a shiga haɗari domin samar da garkuwa tun farko.

Riga-kafin bayan cizo

• Idan dabba ta ciji mutum, abu na farko shi ne a wanke wurin da ruwa da sabulu sosai na tsawon mintuna 15–20.
• A gaggauta garzayawa asibiti domin samun allurar riga-kafi ta rabies, wadda ake ba mutum jerin allurai da ke hana cutar ci gaba.
• A wasu lokuta ana haɗawa da rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) domin ƙarin kariya.

Riga-kafi ga dabbobi

• Riga-kafin karnuka da kyanwa: Wannan shi ne ginshiƙi mafi muhimmanci wajen daƙile ƙwayar cutar rabies a cikin al’umma. WHO ta nuna cewa yin allurar riga-kafi ga aƙalla kashi 70% na karnuka zai iya daƙile rabies gabaɗaya.
• Kula da dabbobin gida: A guji barin karnuka da kyanwa suna yawo a titi ba tare da kulawa ba.
• Ƙaurace wa dabbobin daji: Guje wa hulɗa da beraye, jemagu, ko wasu dabbobin daji masu ɗauke da cutar.

Hanyoyin kariya ga jama’a

• Wayar da kai: Jama’a su san cewa duk cizon karnuka ko kyanwa, musamman waɗanda ba a yi musu riga-kafi ba, na buƙatar a ɗauke shi da muhimmanci.
• Dokoki da tsare-tsare: Ƙasashe su tabbatar da dokoki na tilasta riga-kafin karnuka da kula da dabbobin da ke yawo a titi.
• Tsarin kiwon lafiya: A haɗa tsarin kiwon lafiyar ɗan’adam da na dabbobi domin yaƙar rabies yadda ya kamata.

A taƙaice dai, rabies cuta ce da za a iya kawar da ita gabaɗaya idan aka haɗa riga-kafin dabbobi, riga-kafin mutane, da kuma wayar da kai. Wannan shi ne abin da ake ƙoƙarin cimmawa ta hanyar shirin duniya na WHO, OIE, FAO da GARC da ake kira “Zero by 30”, wato kawar da rabies daga karnuka da mutane kafin shekarar 2030.

A Najeriya, rabies na da alaƙa da yawaitar karnuka da ba su da rigakafi da kuma ƙarancin samun allurar rigakafi bayan cizo a asibitoci. Wannan ya nuna cewa rabies ba wai cuta ce ta kiwon lafiya kaɗai ba, har ma cuta ce ta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

Manazarta

Abubakar, A. T., Ogun, R., & Adebola, H. (2024). Prospects for dog rabies elimination in Nigeria by 2030. Zoonoses and Public Health.

Eugene, E. C., & others. (2025). Rabies knowledge and prevention practices in Gombe State, Nigeria. BMC Public Health.

Mshelbwala, P. P., & others. (2025). Determinants of traditional medicine use after potential dog bites in Nigeria: Impacts on rabies outcomes. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.

Tyakaray, V. I., Kabir, J., Uzoaga, G., Nok Kia, G. S., & others. (2024). Factors associated with rabies immune status of dogs and anti-rabies vaccination of animal health workers in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Interventional Epidemiology and Public Health, 7, 22.

Gan, H., & others. (2023). Global burden of rabies in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019. The International Journal of Infectious Diseases.

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