Rigakafi

Rigakafi wata muhimmiyar hanya ce ta kiwon lafiya da masana kimiyyar jiki da likitoci suka samar domin kare lafiyar ɗan’adam da dabbobi daga kamuwa da cututtuka masu saurin yaɗuwa. Ana yin rigakafi kafin cuta ta sami mutum, domin ya samu kariya tun daga farko. Wannan tsari yana nufin garkuwar jiki (immune system) ta kasance cikin shiri da ƙwarewa wajen gane duk wata ƙwayar cuta ko ƙwayar cutar da za ta iya kai hari ga jiki.

Ana ba da rigakafi ne don kariya daga cututtuka.

Bugu da ƙari, rigakafi ya zama ginshiƙi a tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, domin yana kare yara tun suna ƙanana, yana kuma rage yawan kuɗin da ake kashewa wajen jinya. A yau, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da sauran ƙungiyoyi irinsu UNICEF suna gudanar da shirye-shiryen rigakafi a ƙasashe masu tasowa domin tabbatar da cewa kowane yaro yana samun cikakkiyar kariya daga cututtuka masu saurin yaɗuwa.

Ma’anar rigakafi

Rigakafi kalma ce da ta samo asali daga haɗuwar kalmomin riga (wato kariya) da kafi (hana). A ma’ana ta fuskar kiwon lafiya, rigakafi hanya ce ta kariya daga kamuwa da cuta, ta hanyar bai wa mutum sinadarin magani ko allura wanda zai sa garkuwar jikinsa ya ƙirƙiri antibodies da ke kare shi daga cuta idan ta kawo hari. A takaice, rigakafi hanya ce ta horar da garkuwar jiki domin ta gane da kuma yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da mutum ya kamu da cutar ba.

Lokacin da aka yi wa mutum rigakafi, ana shigar da wani abu da ake kira vaccine, wanda yake ƙunshe da sinadarin da ke kashe ko rage wa cuta ƙarfi, ko wani sashe na ƙwayar da ke taimaka wa jiki wajen gane ta. Wannan vaccine ba ya haifar da cuta,  yana horar da garkuwar jiki ta yadda idan jiki ya haɗu da cutar a nan gaba,  zai iya gane ta cikin sauri, ya fitar da antibodies don yaƙar ta. Wannan tsarin ne yake hana mutum sake kamuwa da cutar da aka yi wa rigakafi, ko kuma ya sa idan ya kamu, cutar ba za ta yi tsanani ba.

Haka kuma, rigakafi ba wai ga yara kaɗai ake yi ba, ana yin shi ga mata masu juna biyu, domin kare su da jariran da suke ɗauke da su daga cututtuka kamar tetanus. Ana yin rigakafi ga dabbobi ma, domin hana yaɗuwar cututtuka kamar rabies da anthrax, waɗanda ke iya yaɗuwa daga dabba zuwa mutum.

Tarihin rigakafi a duniya

Asalin ilimin rigakafi ya samo tushe ne tun a ƙarni na goma sha takwas (18th century), lokacin da mutane suka fara fahimtar cewa mutumin da ya taɓa kamuwa da wata cuta mai sauƙi na iya samun kariya daga wata cuta mai tsanani makamanciyarta. Wannan fahimta ta buɗe ƙofa ga wani sabon fanni na binciken lafiya da ake kira immunology, wanda ya zama ginshiƙi ga kiwon lafiya na zamani.

A shekarar 1796, wani likitan Ingila mai suna Edward Jenner ya yi binciken da ya sauya tarihi. Ya lura cewa masu shan nonon saniya waɗanda ke kamuwa da wata cuta mai suna cowpox; wata cuta ce mai laushi da ba ta da haɗari. Ba sa kamuwa da smallpox wadda take da matuƙar haɗari.

Don tabbatar da bincikensa, Jenner ya ɗauki ƙwayar cutar cowpox daga wani mai cutar, ya yi allura da ita ga wani yaro, sannan daga baya ya yi masa gwajin ƙwayar smallpox. Abin mamaki, yaron bai kamu da cutar ba. Wannan gwaji ne ya zama tushen rigakafi na farko a duniya, kuma daga nan ne aka samo kalmar vaccine, daga harshen Latin vacca wato saniya.

Bayan wannan gagarumar nasara, a ƙarni na goma sha tara (19th century), wasu fitattun masana suka ci gaba da zurfafa wannan bincike. Louis Pasteur, likitan Faransa, ya ƙirƙiri rigakafin rabies (ciwon hauka daga kare), anthrax (ciwon dabbobi mai yaɗuwa), da cholera. Shi ne ya tabbatar da cewa cututtuka na faruwa ne ta ƙwayoyin cuta (microorganisms), wanda ya ƙarfafa ilimin germ theory of disease. A lokaci guda, Robert Koch, ɗan ƙasar Jamus, ya gano ƙwayoyin da ke haddasa cututtuka irinsu tuberculosis da cholera, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar hanyoyin rigakafi na zamani.

A farkon ƙarni na ashirin (20th century), ilimin rigakafi ya ƙara bunƙasa da ƙirƙirar rigakafin diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), da poliomyelitis (shan inna). Wannan ya sa gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin lafiya suka fara ɗaukar rigakafi a matsayin muhimmin ginshiƙi na kula da lafiyar jama’a.

A shekarar 1974, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ƙaddamar da shirin Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) domin tabbatar da cewa kowane yaro a duniya yana samun rigakafi daga manyan cututtuka guda shida: ƙyanda, shan inna, tetanus, ciwon huhu, ƙyandar biri, da tarin TB (tuberculosis).

Tun daga lokacin, shirin rigakafi ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu cututtuka da dama kamar hepatitis B, rotavirus, pneumococcal infection, da COVID-19 a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya (21st century).

A yau, rigakafi ya zama ginshiƙin tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya, kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin babbar nasara ta kimiyyar lafiya da ta taimaka wajen rage yawan mace-mace, tsawon rayuwa, da kare lafiyar al’umma. Ƙasashe kamar Najeriya, ta hannun Ma’aikatar Lafiya tare da tallafin WHO, UNICEF, da GAVI, suna aiwatar da shirye-shiryen rigakafi a matakin ƙasa domin tabbatar da cewa kowanne yaro ya samu cikakkiyar kariya daga cututtuka masu haɗari.

Nau’o’in rigakafi

Rigakafi yana da nau’o’i daban-daban, waɗanda ke bambanta bisa dalilansu da yadda ake yin su a jikin mutum ko dabba. Masana kimiyya sun rarraba rigakafi zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: rigakafi na dabi’a (natural) da rigakafi na wucin-gadi (na kimiyya). Kowanne daga cikinsu kuma yana da rassansa da ke nuna yadda ake samun kariya daga cututtuka.

• Natural immunity

Wannan shi ne irin rigakafin da jiki ke da shi na tsarin halitta ba tare da an yi masa wani magani ko allura ba. Ana samun shi ne ta hanyoyi biyu:

• Innate immunity

Shi ne kariya da mutum yake samu tun daga haihuwa. Wannan rigakafi yana cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki ta halitta wadda ke aiki kai tsaye wajen hana ƙwayoyin cuta shiga ko bazuwa a cikin jiki. Misalai sun haɗa da:

• Fatar jiki da ke hana ƙwayoyin cuta shiga.
• Hancin mutum da ke da gashin da ke tace ƙura da ƙwayoyin cuta.
• Ruwan hawaye da jini da ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

Wannan rigakafi bai taƙaita ga wata ƙwayar cuta kaɗai ba, yana aiki gabaɗaya wajen kare jiki daga duk wani nau’in ƙwayar cuta da za ta iya cutar da shi.

• Acquired natural immunity

Shi kuwa yana faruwa ne bayan mutum ya taɓa kamuwa da wata cuta, sannan garkuwar jikinsa ta koyi yadda za ta kare kanta daga wannan ƙwayar a nan gaba. Misali, idan mutum ya taɓa kamuwa da ƙyanda ko cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro (malaria), jikinsa zai ƙirƙiri ƙwayoyin kariya (antibodies) da ke hana sake kamuwa da irin wannan cuta cikin wani lokaci.

• Artificial immunity

Wannan shi ne rigakafin da ake yi ta hanyar tsarin kimiyya ko magani, wato ta hanyar yin allurar rigakafi (vaccine) ko bayar da ƙwayoyin kariya ga wani mutum ko dabba. Ana yin shi da nufin koya wa garkuwar jiki ta gane wata ƙwayar cuta tun kafin ta same shi. Ana rarraba wannan nau’i zuwa rukuni biyu:

• Active artificial immunity

Wannan shi ne mafi yawan rigakafi da ake amfani da shi a asibitoci. Ana yin shi ta hanyar shigar da jiki da ƙwayar cuta da aka rage mata ƙarfi ko ƙwayar da aka kashe, domin garkuwar jiki ta yi aiki da kanta wajen ƙirƙirar kariya. Misalan rigakafin da ke cikin wannan rukuni sun haɗa da:

• Rigakafin ƙyanda (Measles vaccine)
• Rigakafin shan inna (Polio vaccine)
• Rigakafin cutar huhu (Pneumococcal vaccine)
• Rigakafin COVID-19

Fa’idar wannan nau’i shi ne yana bayar da kariya mai ɗorewa, saboda garkuwar jiki tana ƙirƙirar memory wadda ke tuna ƙwayar cutar idan ta sake bayyana.

• Passive artificial immunity

A wannan nau’in, ba jiki ne yake ƙirƙirar kariyar kansa ba, ana ba shi antibodies da aka samo daga wani jiki da ya riga ya yi rigakafi. Ana amfani da wannan hanya ne a lokuta na gaggawa, kamar:

• Lokacin da mutum ya kamu da cutar haukan kare (rabies).
• Lokacin da jariri yake samun kariya daga uwa ta hanyar nono (maternal antibodies).

Amfanin passive artificial immunity shi ne yana aiki cikin gaggawa, amma kariyarsa ba ta dawwama, yawanci tana ƙarewa bayan ‘yan makonni ko watanni.

Ƙarin wasu nau’ikan rigakafi

A zamanin yau, masana kimiyya sun ƙara gano wasu hanyoyi na zamani da ke bunƙasa garkuwar jiki, kamar:

• Rigakafin DNA/RNA (Genetic Vaccines): kamar rigakafin COVID-19 mRNA wanda yake koyar da jiki yadda zai ƙirƙiri sassan ƙwayar cuta domin yaƙar ta.
• Rigakafi mai haɗin sinadarai (Conjugate vaccines): wanda ke haɗa ƙwayar cuta da wani sinadari domin ƙarfafa aikin rigakafi, kamar Hib vaccine.
• Rigakafi mai haɗin nau’o’i da yawa (Combination vaccines): wanda ke ba da kariya daga cututtuka da yawa a lokaci guda, misali DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus).

A taƙaice, nau’o’in rigakafi suna nuna yadda jikin mutum ke samun kariya ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ko ta halitta ko ta hanyar kimiyya. Kowanne daga cikinsu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare lafiyar al’umma da rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka a duniya.

Yadda rigakafi ke aiki

Lokacin da aka yi wa mutum allurar rigakafi, ana shigar da wani sinadari da ke ƙunshe da ƙwayar cutar da aka kashe ko aka rage mata ƙarfi, ko wani sashe na ƙwayar cutar. Garkuwar jiki tana gane wannan sinadari a matsayin barazana, ta fara ƙirƙirar antibodies don yakar sa.

Da zarar an sake haɗuwa da ƙwayar cuta a nan gaba, jiki zai tuna da ita, ya fitar da antibodies cikin sauri, wanda hakan ke hana mutum kamuwa da cutar. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira ƙwaƙwalwar garkuwar jiki (immunological memory).

Shirin rigakafi a Najeriya

A Najeriya, an kafa shirin Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) a shekarar 1979, wanda daga baya aka sabunta shi zuwa National Programme on Immunization (NPI). Wannan shiri yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Federal Ministry of Health tare da haɗin gwiwar WHO, UNICEF, da sauran ƙungiyoyin lafiya.

Manufar wannan shiri ita ce tabbatar da cewa dukkan yara ƙanana sun sami rigakafi daga cututtuka masu haɗari kamar:

• Shan-inna (Polio)
• Cutar sankarau (Meningitis)
• Ciwon sanyi (Pneumonia)
• Ciwon Tetanus
• Ciwon Influenza
• Ciwon ƙyanda

Muhimmancin rigakafi

Rigakafi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare lafiyar ɗan’adam da ci gaban al’umma. Hanya ce da kimiyya ta samar domin hana kamuwa da cututtuka kafin su sami mutum. Daga cikin muhimmancin rigakafi akwai:

• Kare lafiyar mutum daga cututtuka masu saurin yaduwa: Rigakafi yana hana kamuwa da cututtuka kamar ƙyanda, shan inna, amai da gudawa, da ciwon huhu, waɗanda ke yawan kashe yara da manya a ƙasashe masu tasowa.
• Rage yawan mace-mace, musamman ga yara ƙanana da mata masu juna biyu: Yara kanana sukan fi saurin kamuwa da cututtuka saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin garkuwar jikinsu. Rigakafi yana taimaka musu wajen samun kariya tun daga haihuwa.
• Kare lafiyar al’umma gabaɗaya: Idan yawancin mutane a cikin al’umma suka sami rigakafi, ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi ba. Wannan yana kare waɗanda ba su yi rigakafi ba, musamman waɗanda ke da raunin garkuwar jiki.
• Taimakawa tattalin arziki: Rigakafi yana rage yawan kuɗin da ake kashewa wajen jinya da magani. Hakan yana nufin iyalai da gwamnati za su iya amfani da waɗannan kuɗaɗe wajen cigaban ilimi, samar da abinci, da sauran muhimman abubuwa.
• Kare al’umma ta gaba (next generation) daga cututtuka: Ta hanyar yin rigakafi, ana iya kawar da wasu cututtuka gabaɗaya daga doron ƙasa, kamar yadda aka kawar da cutar smallpox a shekarar 1980. Wannan yana tabbatar da lafiyar al’umma masu zuwa.

Muhimman rigakafin yara a Najeriya

A ƙarƙashin shirin Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF, ana bai wa yara ƙanana rigakafi domin kare su daga cututtuka masu haɗari. Waɗannan rigakafi sun haɗa da:

• BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin): Domin kare yara daga cutar tarin fuka (tuberculosis).
• OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine): Ana ba da wannan domin rigakafin cutar shan inna (polio).
• Pentavalent Vaccine: Wannan haɗaɗɗen rigakafi ne da ke kare yara daga cututtuka guda biyar: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), hepatitis B, da Haemophilus influenzae type B.
• PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine): Don kare yara daga cutar huhu da ciwon kunne.
• Rotavirus Vaccine : Don rigakafin amai da gudawa da ƙwayar rotavirus ke haifarwa.
• Measles Vaccine: Don kare yara daga cutar kyanda.
• Yellow Fever Vaccine: Don rigakafin cutar zazzabin rawaya.
• Tetanus Toxoid (TT): Ana ba wa mata masu juna biyu domin kare su da jariran su daga ciwon neonatal tetanus.

Ƙalubale a harkar rigakafi

Duk da gagarumar nasarar da aka samu ta fuskar rigakafi a duniya, har yanzu ana fuskantar wasu manyan ƙalubale da ke hana aiwatar da shi cikin sauƙi, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Najeriya. Waɗannan ƙalubalen suna da tasiri kai tsaye ga yadda ake samun sakamakon da ake buƙata wajen kare lafiyar al’umma gabaɗaya.

Rashin ilimi ko fahimta daga jama’a

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin rigakafi shi ne rashin ilimi da fahimtar jama’a game da amfanin rigakafi. Wasu mutane ba su san muhimmancin yin rigakafi ba ko kuma suna ɗaukar shi a matsayin abu marar amfani. Wannan rashin fahimta kan sa iyaye su ƙi kai ‘ya’yansu asibiti don rigakafi, wanda hakan ke barazana ga lafiyar yara da al’umma bakiɗaya.

Bayanan ƙarya

Yaɗuwar bayanai marasa tushe, musamman a kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, WhatsApp da YouTube, na daga cikin manyan ƙalubale. Wasu mutane kan yaɗa cewa rigakafi na haifar da rashin haihuwa, ko yana da wasu illoli masu haɗari. Waɗannan ƙarairayi suna rage amincewar jama’a ga shirin rigakafi, suna kuma jawo jinkiri wajen kawar da cututtuka.

Matsalar ajiya da sufuri

Rigakafi na buƙatar ajiya a cikin yanayin sanyi mai tsanani (kasa da digiri 8°C) domin kada sinadaransa ya lalace. Kuma a wasu yankuna, musamman karkara, babu isassun injinan sanyaya rigakafi (refrigerators) ko wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa. Wannan yana haifar da matsala wajen tabbatar da cewa rigakafin da ake bai wa mutane yana da inganci.

Rashin isassun ma’aikatan lafiya

A yankunan karkara da wasu jihohi masu nisa, ana fama da ƙarancin likitoci da jami’an kiwon lafiya masu horo kan rigakafi. Wannan yana sa ba a iya kaiwa dukkan wurare cikin lokaci ba, musamman a lokutan da ake gudanar da manyan kamfen na rigakafi.

Rikice-rikicen siyasa da tsaro

Rashin tsaro, musamman a yankunan da ake fama da ayyukan ta’addanci ko rikicin ƙabilanci, yana hana jami’an kiwon lafiya isar da rigakafi ga jama’a. Haka kuma, matsalolin siyasa da rashin haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnati da ƙananan hukumomi na iya janyo tsaiko wajen gudanar da shirye-shiryen rigakafi yadda ya kamata.

Hanyoyin inganta rigakafi

Domin tabbatar da cewa shirin rigakafi yana gudana yadda ya kamata kuma yana isa ga dukkan al’umma, akwai buƙatar ɗaukar wasu muhimman matakai da tsare-tsare na zamani. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna taimakawa wajen magance ƙalubalen da ke hana nasarar shirin rigakafi, tare da ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Wayar da kan jama’a game da alfanun rigakafi

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin inganta rigakafi shi ne ilimantar da jama’a. Ya zama wajibi a wayar da kan mutane game da muhimmancin rigakafi da kariyar da yake bayarwa ga yara da manya. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar amfani da gidajen rediyo, talabijin, kafafen sada zumunta, da kuma ƙungiyoyin addini da al’umma, domin su taimaka wajen yaɗa sahihin bayani. Lokacin da mutane suka fahimci amfanin rigakafi, za su fi amincewa da shi.

Tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin ajiya da sufurin magunguna

Sinadaran rigakafi na buƙatar ajiya cikin sanyi domin kare ingancinsu. Don haka, gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin lafiya su tabbatar da cewa akwai isassun injinan sanyaya rigakafi, da na’urorin lantarki masu amfani da hasken rana (solar-powered refrigerators), musamman a yankunan karkara. Haka kuma, ya kamata a tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin sufuri da kayan aiki suna da inganci don kai rigakafi cikin lokaci.

Horar da ma’aikatan lafiya

Ma’aikatan lafiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da rigakafi. Saboda haka, wajibi ne a ba su horo na musamman kan dabarun adanawa, bai wa yara rigakafi cikin tsafta, da kuma yadda za su tattauna da jama’a wajen ƙarfafa su. Wannan horo zai taimaka wajen rage kurakurai da inganta amincewar al’umma ga tsarin rigakafi.

Taimako da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin duniya, da masu zaman kansu

Nasarar rigakafi ba ta ta’allaka ga gwamnati kaɗai ba. Akwai buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), UNICEF, GAVI, da sauran ƙungiyoyin tallafi. Haka kuma, masu zaman kansu kamar kamfanonin magunguna da cibiyoyin bincike su ba da gudunmawa wajen samar da rigakafi da kayan aiki. Wannan haɗin kai yana taimaka wa gwamnati wajen samun isassun kayan aiki da horo ga ma’aikata.

Amfani da fasahar zamani wajen bibiyar yadda ake gudanar da rigakafi

Fasahar zamani na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta tsarin rigakafi. Ana iya amfani da na’urorin kwamfuta da wayoyin zamani wajen bibiyar adadin yara da suka yi rigakafi, da kuma sanin wuraren da ake da gibi. Wannan tsarin digital monitoring yana taimaka wa gwamnati wajen yanke shawara bisa sahihin bayanai, da kuma tabbatar da cewa babu yaro da aka bari ba tare da rigakafi ba.

Rigakafi ginshiƙi ne na kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda ya taimaka wajen ceton rayuka miliyoyi a duniya. Ta hanyar rigakafi, an kawar da wasu cututtuka gaba ɗaya, yayin da wasu kuma aka rage su ƙwarai. Don haka, wajibi ne a ci gaba da tallata amfani da rigakafi a matsayin kariya mafi tasiri wajen tabbatar da lafiyar jama’a da ci gaban ƙasa.

Masu iya magana dai na cewa, “rigakafi ya fi magani.”

Manazarta

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, July 15). Vaccine basics. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance. (2023, March 28). How immunization strengthens health systems. GAVI

UNICEF. (2022, November 10). The importance of immunization. United Nations Children’s Fund.

World Health Organization. (2023, April 20). ImmunizationMagsbi: Key facts.

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