Selenium sinadari ne mai muhimmanci sosai a fannin ilimin kimiyya, masana’antu, da lafiyar ɗan Adam. Alamarsa ita ce Se, kuma yana da lambar atomic 34 a jadawalin sinadarai. Selenium yana cikin rukunin chalcogens, wato rukuni guda da oxygen, sulfur, da tellurium, kuma yana da siffofi da ɗabi’u masu kama da waɗannan sinadarai, musamman sulfur. Wannan kusanci da sinadarai ne ya sa selenium ke da siffofi masu rikitarwa, inda zai iya zama mai amfani ƙwarai a wasu yanayi, amma kuma mai cutarwa idan ya wuce kima.
A zahiri, selenium ba sinadarin ƙarfe ba ne zalla, kuma ba non-metal cikakke ba ne. Ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin metalloid ko non-metal mai siffofi na musamman, saboda yana iya nuna siffofin duka ɓangarorin. Yana samuwa a siffofi daban-daban na jiki, ciki har da launin ja, toka, da baƙi, inda kowane nau’i ke da tsarin crystal da siffofi na lantarki daban. Wannan bambanci ya ba selenium muhimmiyar rawar takawa a fannin na’urorin lantarki, musamman a na’urorin da ke karɓar haske kamar photocells da solar cells.
A fannin lafiya, selenium na a matsayin trace element, wato sinadari da jiki ke buƙata ƙalilan ainin. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin ƙwayoyin enzymes masu kare jiki daga lalacewar oxidative stress, musamman ta hanyar selenium-dependent enzymes kamar glutathione peroxidase. Rashin selenium a jiki na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya, yayin da yawansa kuma na iya zama haɗari. Wannan yanayin na amfani da illa a lokaci guda, ya sa selenium ya zama sinadari mai matuƙar muhimmanci a binciken kimiyya da magunguna.
Bugu da ƙari, selenium yana da muhimmanci a masana’antu saboda ana samun shi galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙar sulfur, copper, da nickel. Wannan ya nuna cewa ba sinadari ne da ake haƙo shi kai tsaye a yawancin lokuta ba, sai dai ana samuns’ shi ne ta hanyar tace wasu sinadarai. A yau, ana amfani da selenium a fannoni da dama, kama daga masana’antar sarrafa gilashi, pigments, da na’urorin lantarki, har zuwa aikin noma da kiwon lafiya.
Tarihin gano sinadarin selenium
An gano selenium a shekarar 1817, ta hannun mashahurin masanin kimiyya na ƙasar Sweden, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, tare da abokin aikinsa Johan Gottlieb Gahn. A farkon bincikensu, suna nazarin wani sinadari da ke fitowa daga ragowar sulfuric acid a masana’anta, inda suka yi tunanin cewa wani nau’i ne na tellurium, saboda kamanceceniya mai yawa da wannan sinadari.
Sai dai bayan zurfin bincike da gwaje-gwaje na sinadarai, Berzelius ya fahimci cewa wannan sabon abu ba tellurium ba ne, illa kuwa wani sabon sinadari ne kacokan. Saboda kamanceceniya da tellurium, wanda sunansa ya samo asali daga kalmar Latin Tellus ma’ana “ƙasa”, Berzelius ya zaɓi sunan selenium daga kalmar Girka Selene, wadda ke nufin wata. Wannan suna ya nuna alaƙar kimiyya da tarihi tsakanin tellurium da selenium, inda ɗaya ke wakiltar ƙasa, ɗaya kuma wata.
A farkon lokaci bayan gano shi, an fi ɗaukar selenium a matsayin sinadari mai guba kawai, musamman saboda illolin da aka lura da su ga dabbobi da mutane da suka yi mu’amala da shi a wuraren hakar ma’adinai. Wannan ya sa ba a ba shi muhimmanci sosai wajen amfani ba tsawon shekaru. Sai daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20 ne masana suka fara fahimtar cewa selenium na da siffofi na musamman na lantarki, musamman ƙarfinsa na canja conductivity idan haske ya bugi samansa.
Wannan fahimta ta buɗe ƙofofi ga amfani da selenium a fasahar lantarki, sadarwa da na’urorin daukar hoto, kafin daga baya binciken kimiyyar lafiya ya gano muhimmiyar rawar da yake takawa a jikin ɗan Adam. Daga sinadari da aka fara ɗauka a matsayin guba kawai, selenium ya koma ɗaya daga cikin sinadarai mafi muhimmanci da ke haɗa kimiyyar sinadarai, masana’antu, da lafiyar bil’adama.
Siffofin sinadarin selenium
Selenium sinadari ne da ke da siffofi na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta shi daga yawancin sauran sinadarai a jadawalin sinadarai. Yana da lambar atomic 34, ma’ana yana da proton 34 a cikin ƙwayar atom ɗinsa, kuma wannan tsari ne ke ba shi siffar sinadari na musamman. Nauyin atomic ɗinsa ya kai 78.96 u, wanda ke nuna cewa ba sinadari ne mai nauyi sosai ba, amma yana da isasshen nauyi da ke ba shi karko a wasu yanayi.
Siffofin lantarki
A tsarin lantarki, selenium yana da electron configuration [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴, wanda ke nuna cewa yana buƙatar electrons biyu kacal don ya cika shell ɗinsa na waje. Wannan dalili ne ya sa selenium ke nuna oxidation states daban-daban, musamman −2, +4, da +6. Wannan ƙarfin sauya yanayin oxidation yana ba shi damar shiga hulɗa da sinadarai masu yawa, yana samar da haɗe-haɗen selenium masu amfani sosai kamar selenides, selenites, da selenates, waɗanda ke da muhimmanci a masana’antu da ilimin halittu.
Siffofin waje
Daga ɓangaren siffofin wajen sinadari, selenium yana bayyana a nau’o’i daban-daban na allotropes, ciki har da launin ja, toka, da baƙi. Selenium mai launin toka shi ne mafi karko kuma mafi amfani a masana’antu. Wannan nau’in yana da siffofin semiconductor, wato ba cikakken conductor ba ne, kuma ba cikakken insulator ba ne. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman siffofinsa shi ne ƙarfinsa na photoconductivity, wato ƙarfin wutar lantarkin selenium yana ƙaruwa idan haske ya bugi samansa. Wannan siffofi ne ya sa aka yi amfani da selenium sosai a farkon fasahar photocells, light meters, da na’urorin daukar hoto.
Yanayin narkewa da tafasa
A fannin zafi, selenium yana narkewa a kusan 221 °C kuma yana tafasa a kusan 685 °C, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa ba ya buƙatar matsanancin zafi kafin ya narke ko ya koma tiriri. Wannan siffofi ya sa sarrafa shi a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje da masana’antu ya fi sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da sinadarai masu narkewa a tsananin zafi. Duk da haka, a yanayi mai zafi, selenium na iya zama mai saurin hulɗa da oxygen, yana samar da selenium dioxide, wani nau’in sinadari mai ƙarfi da wari.
Haɗuwar selenium da wasu sinadarai
Selenium sinadari ne da matsakaicin hulɗa da sauran sinadarai, wato ba shi da tsananin reactivity kamar alkaline metals, kuma ba shi da rauni sosai kamar noble gases. Matsayinsa a rukunin chalcogens tare da oxygen da sulfur yana da tasiri sosai wajen bayyana yadda yake hulɗa da sinadarai daban-daban. Wannan kusanci yana sa selenium ya yi kama da sulfur a yawancin siffofin sinadarai.
Selenium da Oxygen
Selenium yana haɗuwa da oxygen musamman a yanayi mai zafi. Lokacin da aka ƙona selenium a cikin iska, yana samar da selenium dioxide (SeO₂), wanda yawanci yana bayyana a matsayin farin gas ko daskararre mai wari da kaifi. Wannan oxide yana da muhimmanci a fannin masana’antu, domin ana amfani da shi wajen samar da wasu sinadarai masu ɗauke da selenium da kuma a matsayin oxidizing agent.
Selenium dioxide yana narkewa a ruwa, inda yake samar da selenous acid (H₂SeO₃). Wannan yana nuna siffar selenium a matsayin sinadari mai iya nuna acidity a oxidation state +4. Wannan hulɗa da oxygen ita ce mafi muhimmanci daga cikin hulɗar selenium da sauran sinadarai.
Selenium da Hydrogen
A hulɗarsa da hydrogen, selenium yana samar da hydrogen selenide (H₂Se), musamman a yanayi mai zafi ko a lokacin da ake sarrafa shi a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan sinadari gas ne mai matuƙar guba, kuma yana da wari mai kama da ƙwan da ya lalace.
Hydrogen selenide yana nuna irin kusancin selenium da sulfur, domin yana kama da hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), amma H₂Se ya fi guba sosai. Wannan hulɗa na nuna selenium a oxidation state −2.
Selenium da sinadaran ƙarafa
Selenium yana hulɗa da ƙarafa da dama, inda yake samar da selenides. A cikin irin waɗannan hulɗa, selenium yawanci yana karɓar electrons daga ƙarfe, yana aiki a matsayin non-metal.
Selenides suna da muhimmanci sosai a fannin fasahar zamani, musamman a kayayyakin semiconductor. Sinadarai irin su zinc selenide da cadmium selenide ana amfani da su a na’urorin lantarki, optoelectronics, da na’urorin haske. Wannan ya sa hulɗar selenium da ƙarafa ta zama ginshiƙi a masana’antar fasaha.
Selenium da Halogens
Selenium yana iya yin hulɗa da halogens kamar chlorine, bromine, da fluorine. A irin wannan hulɗa, yana samar da sinadarai kamar selenium dichloride (SeCl₂) da selenium hexafluoride (SeF₆).
Musamman selenium hexafluoride yana da kwanciyar hankali sosai kuma yana nuna selenium a oxidation state +6. Wannan hulɗa da halogens tana taimaka wa masana wajen fahimtar iyakar oxidation states na selenium da kuma tsarin sinadaransa.
Selenium da Acids
Selenium ba ya narkewa kai tsaye a yawancin acids masu rauni. Amma yana iya yin hulɗa da nitric acid da concentrated sulfuric acid, musamman idan an samar da yanayi mai zafi. A irin wannan yanayi, ana iya samun selenium oxides ko wasu selenium compounds masu rikitarwa.
Wannan halayya tana nuna cewa selenium yana buƙatar yanayi na musamman kafin ya shiga cikakkiyar hulɗa da acids, wanda ke bambanta shi da wasu sinadarai masu saurin amsawa.
Rabe-raben isotopes
Isotopes ɗin selenium su ne nau’o’in atom ɗinsa da ke da lamba ta atomic iri ɗaya (34) amma suka bambanta a adadin neutrons da ke cikin ƙwayar halittarsu. Wannan bambanci yana sa wasu isotopes su kasance masu dawwama yayin da wasu kuma su kasance masu gajeriyar rayuwa (radioactive), kodayake dukkansu suna riƙe da siffofin sinadarai iri ɗaya gabaɗaya. A doron ƙasa, selenium yana samuwa ne a cikin nau’o’in isotopes masu yawa, inda wasu suka fi yawa, wasu kuma ke fitowa a ƙaramin adadi.
Muhimmancin isotopes ɗin selenium ya wuce kawai fannin kimiyyar sinadarai, domin suna taka rawa a kimiyyar muhalli, biology, likitanci, da nuclear physics. Ana amfani da isotopes masu dawwama wajen nazarin zagayawar selenium a ƙasa, ruwa, da halittu, yayin da isotopes masu gajeriyar rayuwa ke taimakawa wajen binciken metabolism, gano cututtuka, da fahimtar muhimman dokoki na ilimin nukiliya. Saboda haka, nazarin isotopes na selenium yana ba da cikakken haske game da rawar wannan sinadari a yanayi da kuma a rayuwar ɗan Adam.
⁷⁴Se (Selenium-74)
⁷⁴Se yana ɗaya daga cikin isotopes masu dawwama na selenium, kodayake ba shi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran isotopes. Yana samuwa ne a doron ƙasa a ƙaramin adadi, amma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a binciken kimiyyar isotopes saboda siffarsa tsayayya. Kasancewar shi stable na nufin ba ya rarrabuwa ta hanyar radiation, wanda hakan ke ba masana damar amfani da shi wajen kwatanta bambance-bambancen isotopic a yanayi.
A fannin binciken geochemistry, ⁷⁴Se yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda selenium ke motsawa daga duwatsu zuwa ƙasa da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana amfani da shi wajen nazarin tsohon yanayi na doron ƙasa, musamman a wuraren da ake nazarin tarihin sinadarai na ma’adanan selenium da tasirinsu ga muhalli.
⁷⁶Se (Selenium-76)
⁷⁶Se isotope ne mai dawwama wanda ke da matsakaicin yawan samuwa a yanayi. Wannan isotope yana da muhimmanci saboda yana shiga cikin nazarin isotopic fractionation, wato yadda isotopes ke rarrabuwa a yayin hulɗar sinadarai ko canjin yanayi. Wannan yana taimaka wa masana wajen fahimtar yadda selenium ke canjawa a yanayin oxidation da reduction.
A fannin kimiyyar muhalli, ana amfani da ⁷⁶Se wajen gano tushen gurɓatar ruwa da ƙasa da sinadarai masu ɗauke da selenium. Ta hanyar auna bambancin ⁷⁶Se da sauran isotopes, masana za su iya bambance selenium na halitta daga wanda ya fito daga ayyukan masana’antu ko noma.
⁷⁷Se (Selenium-77)
⁷⁷Se isotope ne mai dawwama wanda yake da muhimmanci sosai a fannin kimiyya saboda yana da nuclear spin, wata siffa da ke ba shi damar amfani a fasahar Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Wannan siffa na sa ya zama kayan aiki mai ƙima wajen nazarin tsarin sinadarai masu ɗauke da selenium a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta.
A binciken biochemistry, ana amfani da ⁷⁷Se wajen nazarin enzymes da proteins da ke ɗauke da selenium, musamman waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kariyar jiki daga oxidation. Wannan isotope yana taimaka wa masana wajen fahimtar rawar selenium a lafiyar ɗan Adam da yadda yake shiga cikin ayyukan metabolism.
⁷⁸Se (Selenium-78)
⁷⁸Se isotope ne mai dawwama wanda yake samuwa a yanayi a matsakaicin adadi. Yana da muhimmanci wajen binciken sinadarai saboda yana nuna yadda selenium ke kasancewa a cikin ma’adanan sulfide da oxide. Wannan isotope yana ba da damar bin diddigin hanyoyin da selenium ke bi daga duwatsun ma’adanai zuwa ƙasa da ruwa.
A fannin environmental chemistry, ⁷⁸Se yana taimaka wa masana wajen fahimtar tasirin selenium ga tsirrai da dabbobi. Ana amfani da shi wajen nazarin yadda selenium ke taruwa a cikin abinci, musamman a yankunan da selenium ke da yawa ko kuma ke haddasa matsalar guba.
⁸⁰Se (Selenium-80)
⁸⁰Se shi ne isotope mafi yawa na selenium a doron ƙasa, yana ɗaukar kusan rabin duk selenium da ake samu a yanayi. Saboda wannan yawan, shi ne isotope da ake fi amfani da shi a yawancin binciken kimiyya da na masana’antu. Yawan samuwar shi ya sa ya zama ma’auni wajen kwatanta sauran isotopes.
A aikace, ⁸⁰Se yana da muhimmanci a fannin masana’antar lantarki da semiconductors, inda ake amfani da shi a cikin kayayyakin photovoltaic da rectifiers. A fannin kimiyyar muhalli, ⁸⁰Se yana taka rawa wajen fahimtar zagayawar selenium a duniya, daga ƙasa zuwa ruwa da halittu.
⁸²Se (Selenium-82)
⁸²Se isotope ne mai dawwama amma yana da muhimmanci na musamman a fannin nuclear physics. Ana amfani da shi a binciken double beta decay, wani tsari mai matuƙar muhimmanci wajen fahimtar siffofin neutrinos da dokokin asalin halittar duniya. Wannan bincike yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ilimin asalin ƙwayoyin halitta.
Saboda wannan muhimmanci, ⁸²Se yana taka rawa a manyan gwaje-gwajen kimiyya na duniya, inda ake amfani da shi a matsayin kayan bincike a ɗakin gwaje-gwajen nukiliya. Wannan isotope ya sa selenium ya zama muhimmin sinadari ba kawai a chemistry ba, har ma a fannin physics na zamani.
⁷⁵Se (Selenium-75)
⁷⁵Se isotope ne mai tsarin radioactive wanda ke da gajeriyar rayuwa ta kusan kwanaki 120. Wannan lokacin rayuwa ya sa ya dace da amfani a binciken kimiyya da na likitanci, domin yana ba da isasshen lokaci wajen gudanar da gwaje-gwaje kafin ya ragu. Ana samar da shi ne a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar nuclear reactions.
A fannin likitanci da biology, ana amfani da ⁷⁵Se wajen bibiyar motsin selenium a cikin jikin halittu. Wannan yana taimaka wa masana wajen fahimtar yadda selenium ke shiga cikin tsarin metabolism, yadda yake taruwa a wasu gaɓoɓi, da kuma rawar da yake takawa a kariyar jiki daga cututtuka.
Samuwar selenium a yanayi
Selenium ba ya fitowa a yanayi a matsayin sinadari zalla, sai dai yana kasancewa ne cikin haɗin gwiwa da wasu sinadarai, musamman sulfur da wasu ƙarafan transition metals. Wannan kamanceceniya da sulfur yana sa selenium ya shiga tsarin ma’adanan dutse, inda yake maye gurbin sulfur a crystal lattice. Duk da kasancewar shi ƙaramin sinadari, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a masana’antu da kimiyya, musamman wajen samar da selenides da kuma amfani a fannin lantarki da samar da alloy.
A doron ƙasa, selenium yana samuwa ne mafi yawa a cikin sinadaran sulfide kamar copper, lead, nickel, da zinc. A irin waɗannan sinadarai, selenium yana haɗuwa da sinadarai a cikin crystal structure, yana samar da sinadarai kamar selenides. Ana kuma samun selenium a wasu ma’adanan musamman kamar clausthalite (PbSe), duk da cewa adadinsa ba shi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sulfide ores. A matsayin trace element, matsakaicin yawan selenium a doron ƙasa bai wuce 0.05 ppm, abin da ke nuna ƙarancinsa amma har yanzu yana da tasiri mai girma a yanayin halittu da masana’antu.
A cikin ruwan teku da ƙasa
Selenium yana samuwa kuma a cikin ruwan teku a matsayin ions kamar selenate (SeO₄²⁻) da selenite (SeO₃²⁻). Waɗannan ions suna da muhimmanci a tsarin halittun ruwa, saboda algae da wasu ƙwayoyin halitta na iya amfani da su a cikin tsarin rayuwarsu. Haka nan, selenium yana samuwa a cikin ƙasa, inda yawansa ke bambanta sosai gwargwadon yanayin dutsen da ke ƙasa da wuraren volcanic. Wannan bambanci na yawan selenium a ƙasa yana shafar yawan selenium da tsirrai da dabbobi ke samu, wanda ke da tasiri kai tsaye ga lafiyar ɗan Adam.
Hanyoyin tace selenium
Selenium ba a yawan fitar da shi kai tsaye daga sinadaran da ke da shi sosai, sai dai ana samun shi ne a ribar ƙafa, wato yayin sarrafa wasu ƙarafa, musamman copper. A lokacin tace copper daga sinadaran sulfide ta hanyoyin pyrometallurgical processes, selenium yana taruwa a cikin abin da ake kira anode slime, wato tarkacen da ke ƙasan electrolytic cell. Wannan tarkace na ɗauke da selenium tare da wasu sinadarai kamar tellurium, silver, da gold, kuma shi ne mafi muhimmancin tushen selenium a duniya.
Bayan tara anode slime, ana sarrafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban domin tace selenium. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana farawa da oxidation, inda selenium ke juyawa zuwa selenium dioxide (SeO₂). Daga nan sai a narkar da shi cikin ruwa ko acids domin ware shi daga sauran sinadarai. Selenium dioxide na iya zama tushen samar da selenium zalla ta hanyar reduction, inda ake amfani da sinadarai masu ragewa kamar sulfur dioxide ko carbon domin dawo da selenium zuwa yanayin ƙarfe ko amorphous form.
A wasu lokuta, musamman daga zinc ko nickel ores, ana amfani da hydrometallurgical methods. A nan, acids ko alkaline solutions na fitar da selenium daga sinadarai, sannan a tace shi a hankali ta matakai daban-daban har a samu selenium zalla. Waɗannan matakai suna buƙatar kulawa sosai saboda selenium, musamman a wasu nau’o’i, yana iya zama guba idan ba a sarrafa shi da kyau ba.
Amfanin selenium
Fannin lafiya da abinci
Selenium yana ɗaya daga cikin sinadarai masu muhimmanci ga lafiyar ɗan Adam. Ana buƙatar shi a ƙaramin adadi domin ya taimaka wajen kare ƙwayar halitta daga lalacewa ta hanyar antioxidants. Selenium yana aiki tare da enzyme glutathione peroxidase wanda ke hana oxidative stress, wato lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar free radicals. Wannan na rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu tsanani kamar ciwon zuciya, wasu nau’ikan cutar daji, da matsalolin hanta. Bugu da ƙari, selenium yana da muhimmanci ga aikin thyroid gland, inda yake taimakawa wajen sarrafa hormones kamar T3 da T4. A fannin haihuwa, selenium yana taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin haihuwa da nakasa, musamman ga mata masu juna biyu.
Fannin lantarki da fasaha
Selenium yana da siffofin lantarki na musamman, ciki har da photoconductivity, wato ikon canja yanayin lantarki bisa haske. Wannan ya sa yake amfani sosai a solar cells, photocopiers, da wasu na’urorin lantarki. Haka kuma, selenium yana shiga cikin semiconductors da alloys domin ƙara juriya ga lalacewa da oxidation, wanda hakan ke sa su dace da yanayi masu zafi ko tsanani.
Sarrafa gilashi da pigments
Selenium yana da amfani wajen ƙirƙirar launuka a masana’antar gilashi da tayoyin roba. Ana amfani da shi wajen ba da launi ja ko ruwan ɗorawa a gilashi, ceramic, da tayoyin roba. Haka kuma, ana amfani da selenium a pigments domin gyara launin wasu kayan lantarki ko sinadaran ceramic.
Fannin noma da kiwon lafiyar dabbobi
A fannin noma, selenium yana da amfani wajen inganta lafiyar dabbobi. Ana ƙara shi a cikin abincin dabbobi don rage haɗarin cututtuka, karfafa garkuwar jiki, da kuma taimakawa wajen haihuwa. Rashin selenium a abincin dabbobi na iya haifar da matsaloli irin su muscular dystrophy da yawan mace-mace tsakanin jarirai.
Fannin kimiyya da bincike
Selenium yana da amfani a binciken kimiyya musamman a fannin biochemistry da environmental science. Ana amfani da shi a matsayin sinadarin bin diddigin a binciken magunguna, samar da catalysts, da kuma nazarin yanayin oxidative stress a ƙwayoyin halitta.
Illolin selenium
Illa ga lafiyar ɗan Adam
Duk da muhimmancinsa, yawan selenium a jiki na iya zama haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan Adam. Amfani da selenium fiye da kima na iya haifar da selenosis, wato cuta mai alaƙa da gubar selenium. Alamominta sun haɗa da gashi da fatar jiki suna saki, hakora na lalacewa, jin ƙaiƙayi, matsalolin narkewar abinci, da gajiya. A wasu lokuta, yawan selenium na iya shafar aikin hanta da ƙoda, yana haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani ga waɗanda suke da rashin lafiya ta waɗannan gaɓoɓin.
Illa ga yanayi da muhalli
Selenium na iya zama guba ga muhalli idan aka zubar da shi da yawa daga masana’antu ko ababen da ke samar da sludge. Yana iya taruwa a cikin ƙasa, ruwa, da tsirrai, wanda hakan ke haddasa matsaloli ga dabbobi da mutane. A cikin ruwa, yawan selenium na iya shafar lafiyar kifaye da sauran halittun ruwa, yana rage yawan haihuwa da haifar da nakasassun jarirai a cikin jinsin dabbobin ruwa.
Illa a masana’antu
A masana’antu inda selenium ke aiki, musamman a fannin lantarki, gilashi, da samar da pigments, yin aiki da ƙura ko hodar selenium na iya haddasa matsalolin numfashi. Shaƙar ƙurar selenium na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da matsala a hanci, makogwaro, da huhu, wanda hakan ke iya kaiwa ga cututtukan numfashi kamar bronchitis. Haka kuma, haɗarin gobara na iya kasancewa saboda selenium na iya ƙonewa a yanayi mai zafi.
Manazarta
Griffin, R. M. (2025, August 3). Selenium: What are the benefits, sources, and risks? WebMD.
Office of Dietary Supplements – selenium. (n.d.).
Rd, J. K. M. (2023, February 6). 7 Science-Based Health benefits of selenium. Healthline.
Periodic Table. (n.d.). Selenium – Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table.
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