Tana wata ƙaramar halitta ce mai laushi, mara ƙashi, wadda ake ɗauka a matsayin nau’in tana. Jikinsu mai tsawo ne kamar igiya ko zaren siliki, yana ba su damar motsawa cikin sauƙi a wuri ƙanƙani da kuma yin rayuwa a muhallai daban-daban. Duk da ƙarancin girma, tana na taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin halittu da muhalli, musamman wajen samar da sinadaran a cikin ƙasa da kuma samar da abinci ga sauran halittu.
Tana na rayuwa a wurare da yawa, ciki har da jikin mutane da dabbobi, ƙasa mai danshi, ruwa, bishiyoyi, da sauran wurare masu danshi. Wasu nau’in suna da amfani ga lafiyar mutane da dabbobi, yayin da wasu kuma na iya haifar da cututtuka masu haɗari.
Tsarin jikin tana
Jikin tana mai laushi ne, mai lanƙwasawa, kuma an raba shi zuwa sashe-sashe marasa ƙashi, wanda ke ba su damar motsi cikin sauƙi da lanƙwasawa. Wannan tsarin jiki yana ba su damar shiga wurare marasa sarari, samun abinci cikin sauƙi, da kuma kare kansu daga wasu halittu masu cin su.
Wasu nau’in tanar kamar annelids suna da tsarin ciki mai sauƙi da sassa masu aiki daban-daban, yayin da cestodes, ke da sassa da yawa da ke manne wa hanji wata halittar, suna cin abincin daga wata halittar kai tsaye.
Yanayin girman tana
Girman tana yana bambanta sosai, daga kimanin millimeter ɗaya zuwa fiye da mita ɗaya, ydanganta da nau’insu da muhallin su. Misali, Ascaris lumbricoides, roundworm (macijin ciki) da ke rayuwa a hanjin mutum, na iya kai wa tsawon 30cm, yayin da wasu tapeworms na iya kaiwa fiye da 10m.
Girmansu yana danganta da nau’in tanar, muhallinta, da irin abincin da suke samu. Wannan bambanci na girma yana ba su damar rayuwa a wurare da yawa da kuma yin tasiri daban-daban ga lafiyar wanda suke jikinsa da kuma muhalli.
Wuraren da ake samun tana
Jikin dabbobi da mutane
Wasu tana suna rayuwa a cikin hanji, hanta, jini, ko ƙoda ta mutane da dabbobi. Suna amfani da abincin da mutanen ko dabbobin kai tsaye don samun kuzari da rayuwa. Wannan nau’in tana yana iya haifar da matsaloli ga lafiyar mutane, musamman idan suka yi yawa. Misali, Ascaris lumbricoides, wanda ake kira roundworm, (macijin ciki) na iya girma har zuwa 30cm a cikin hanjin mutum. Haka kuma, hookworms da pinworms suna da tsarin rayuwa makamancin haka, inda suke shafar hanji da jini, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya ko rage yawan sinadaran jini a jiki.
Cikin ƙasa da cuwa
Tana kamar earthworms da sauran annelids suna rayuwa ne a cikin ƙasa mai danshi. Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gyara ƙasa da inganta albarkatun da take da su. Ta hanyar lalata abubuwa, suna taimakawa wajen narkar da abubuwan da suka mutu zuwa sinadaran inganta ƙasa, wanda ke ƙara yalwar abinci ga tsirrai. Haka kuma, motsi da lanƙwasawar jikinsu a cikin ƙasa yana kyautata iska da ruwa, wanda ke inganta yanayin ƙasa da tabbatar da cewa tana da lafiya ga sauran halittu. Wannan tsarin aiki na tana yana ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga kiwo, noma, da tsarin halittu gaba ɗaya.
A jikin tsirrai da bishiyoyi
Wasu larvae na tana suna rayuwa a cikin tsirrai da bishiyoyi, inda suke cin ganye wasu nau’ika na tsirran. Wannan aikin na iya lalata illata ko lalata tsirrai kai tsaye, amma a lokaci guda, wasu nau’in larvae suna zama abinci ga sauran halittu, kamar tsuntsaye da wasu ƙananan dabbobi. Wannan haɗin kai tsakanin tana da tsirrrai yana nuna yadda tana ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita samuwar halittu da wanzuwar tsarin ecosystem.
Manyan nau’ikan tana
Nematodes
Nematodes su ne nau’in tana masu tsawo kamar zare, waɗanda galibi suke rayuwa a cikin hanji ko jinin mutane da dabbobi. Suna cin abinci daga jikinsu kai tsaye kuma suna iya haifar da cututtuka da matsaloli ga lafiya. Misalan da suka shahara sun haɗa da roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), wanda ke rayuwa a hanjin mutum; hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale), wanda ke shafar jini da haifar da rashin ƙarfin jiki; da pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis), wanda ke rayuwa a hanjin ƙananan yara, suna haifar da ƙaiƙayi da rashin jin daɗi. Waɗannan tana suna da ƙarfin rayuwa a cikin jikin mutane, duk da ƙarancin girmansu.
Cestodes (tapeworms)
Cestodes, wanda ake kira tapeworms, su ne tana masu ɓangarori da yawa da ke manne wa hanjin mutum ko dabba. Misalai sun haɗa da taenia saginata da taenia solium, waɗanda ke manne wa hanjin mutum kuma suna cin abinci daga shi kai tsaye. Wasu tapeworms na iya kaiwa har zuwa mita 10 a tsawon jiki, wanda ke nuna yadda girmansu ke ba su damar tsira da yaɗuwa a cikin mutum. Sassan jikinsu suna da ƙayyadadden aiki, kamar kai don manne wa hanji da sassa na gaba da ke samar da sabbin sassa masu samar da ƙwayoyin halitta.
Trematodes (flukes)
Trematodes, wanda aka fi sani da flukes, suna rayuwa a hanta, koda, ko hanjin dabba ko mutum. Misali, Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) yana shafar hantar dabbobi kamar shanu, inda yake cin hantar da haifar da cututtuka. Wasu flukes suna buƙatar ruwa ko wasu halittu a matsayin hanya kafin su kai ga jikin da za su ci gaba da zama, wanda ke nuna tsarin rayuwa mai wahala da daidaituwa ga yanayi daban-daban.
Annelids
Annelids su ne tana masu ɓangare-ɓangare da ke rayuwa a ƙasa, kamar earthworm. Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gyara ƙasa ta hanyar lalata abubuwa da ƙara sinadarai ga ƙasa. Haka kuma, motsi da lanƙwasawar jikinsu a cikin ƙasa yana kyautata iska da ruwa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da muhalli mai lafiya ga tsirrai da sauran halittu. Annelids suna nuna yadda tana ke da tasiri mai girma wajen daidaita kewayen halittu da inganta rayuwar muhallin ƙasa.
Muhimmancin tana ga rayuwa
A fannin noma
Tana na taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkar noma musamman wajen gyara ƙasa. Suna narka tarkace da sauran abubuwa masu gurbata ƙasa, suna samar da sinadarai masu amfani ga tsirrai. Motsin jikinsu a cikin ƙasa yana haɓaka iska da ruwa, wanda ke taimakawa shukoki su girma cikin sauƙi. Wannan aiki na tana yana tabbatar da cewa ƙasa tana da isasshen abinci da ruwa ga tsirrai, wanda ke inganta samar da amfanin gona da lafiyar muhalli.
A fannin kimiyya
Wasu nau’in tana, musamman caenorhabditis elegans, sun zama muhimman halittu a binciken ƙwayoyin halittar gado (genetics). Wannan Tana mai sauƙin rayuwa da ƙaramin jiki na ba da dama ga masana kimiyya su fahimci tsarin garkuwar jiki, tsarin haihuwa, da sauran tsarin rayuwa na halittu. Bugu da ƙari, tana ana amfani da su a gwaje-gwajen magunguna, musamman wajen tantance tasirin sinadaran lafiya da nazarin cututtuka kafin a yi amfani da su a cikin mutane ko dabbobi.
A tsarin halittu (ecosystem)
Tana na taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin ecosystem. Suna narka matattun abubuwa da tarkace, waɗanda ke da samar da sinadaran ga tsirrai da sauran halittu. Haka kuma, tana suna zama abinci ga wasu halittu, kamar tsuntsaye, ƙananan dabbobi, da wasu invertebrates, wanda hakan ke tabbatar da ci gaba da daidaiton tsarin abinci da wanzuwar halittu. Ta wannan hanyar, tana suna haɗa muhalli da rayuwa, suna tabbatar da cewa tsarin ecosystem na aiki yadda ya kamata.
Illolin tana ga lafiyar mutane da dabbobi
Cutar hanji
Wasu tana suna haifar da cututtuka a hanji, inda suke shafar aikin narkar da abinci da lafiyar mutane da dabbobi. Misali, roundworms suna rayuwa a hanjin mutum, suna cin abinci daga abincin da ya ci, wanda ke rage yawan abinci da sinadaran gina jiki da jiki ke samu. Haka kuma, tapeworms suna manne wa hanjin mutum, suna cin abincin shi kai tsaye, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin nauyi, gajiya, da wasu matsaloli na lafiya.
Zubar Jini da rashin sinadaran jiki
Hookworms na manne wa bangon hanji kuma suna shan jinin mutane da dabbobi. Wannan aikin na iya haifar da zubar jini a jiki, wanda ke janyo rashin jini, gajiya, da matsaloli ga lafiyar yara da manya. Rashin sinadaran jini musamman iron deficiency, yana shafar ci gaban yara da lafiyar gabaɗaya.
Matsalar girman yara
Tana na iya haifar da raguwar sinadaran abinci a jikin yara, musamman a lokutan girma da ci haɓakarsu. Yawan tana a hanjin yara na iya rage ƙarfin garkuwar jiki, haifar da rashin girma da kuma matsaloli a ƙwaƙwalwa.
Cutar hanta da ƙoda
Wasu tana, musamman flukes, suna shafar hanta da ƙodar mutane da dabbobi. Misali, Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) na shafar hanta, suna haifar da kumburi, ciwo, da wasu matsaloli na aiki ga hanta. Wasu flukes kuma na iya shafar ƙoda, wanda ke rage aikin tsarkake jiki da kuma haifar da gurɓatar sinadaran jiki.
Ƙididdigar illar tana a duniya
A duniya, kimanin mutum miliyan 1.5 zuwa 2 suna fama da Ascaris lumbricoides (macijin ciki). Haka kuma, hookworms na shafar mutane miliyan 400–500, musamman a ƙasashe masu yanayi mai zafi, inda rashin tsafta da rashin ilimin lafiya ke ƙara yawan masu kamuwa da su. Wannan kididdigar na nuna irin tasirin da tana ke da shi ga lafiyar mutane a duniya bakiɗaya.
Yadda tana ke yaɗuwa
Tana na iya yaɗuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban da ke haɗa lafiyar mutane da dabbobi da yanayin muhalli. Shan ruwa mara tsafta na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da tana ke shiga jikin mutane, musamman a wuraren da ruwa ba a tace shi ko ba a tsaftace shi ba. Haka nan, cin abinci ba a wanke ba, musamman kayan lambu ko ganye, na iya zama hanyar samun tana.
Hanyoyin yaɗuwar tana sun haɗa da mu’amala da ƙasa ko tarkacen dabbobi, inda wasu larvae ko ƙwayoyin tana ke kasancewa a cikin ƙasa ko tarkacen, sannan su shiga jikin mutum ko dabba idan an taɓa su ko an ci abinci daga wuraren da suka samu. Haka nan, cin naman da ba a dafa sosai ba yana da haɗari, musamman idan nama na ɗauke da tana kamar tapeworms, wanda zai iya shiga jiki kai tsaye.
Rigakafin tana
Rigakafi yana da muhimmanci wajen rage yaɗuwa da cututtukan da suke haifarwa. Tsaftar abinci da ruwa na da matuƙar muhimmanci, wanda ya haɗa da wanke kayan lambu kafin a ci su da kuma tabbatar da cewa ruwan sha an tace shi ko an tafasa shi. Haka kuma, dafa nama yadda ya kamata yana hana tana shiga jiki.
Wanke hannu da tsaftace muhalli suna taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin kamuwa da tana, musamman a wuraren noma ko kiwon dabbobi. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da magunguna kamar albendazole da mebendazole, amma duk amfani da su yana bukatar umarnin likita don kauce wa illa ga lafiya.
Manazarta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, March 15). Parasites – Ascariasis.
National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2021). C. elegans as a model organism.
Schlosser‑Brandenburg, J., Midha, A., Mugo, R. M., Ndombi, E. M., Gachara, G., Njomo, D., Rausch, S., & Hartmann, S. (2023). Infection with soil‑transmitted helminths and their impact on coinfections. Frontiers in Parasitology, 2:1197956.
World Health Organization. (2022, July 12). Soil-transmitted helminth infections.
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