Technology kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana fasaha da dabaru da mutum yake amfani da su domin ƙirƙira, sarrafawa, da inganta kayan aiki, na’urori, da tsarin rayuwa. A takaice, technology na nufin amfani da ilimi da kwarewa don sauƙaƙa rayuwa da haɓaka cigaba. Wannan ya haɗa da kayan aiki, hanyoyin aiki, tsarin sadarwa, da duk wani tsari da ke taimakawa wajen cim ma buri cikin sauƙi da inganci. Ba wai kawai kayan aiki ko na’urori ba ne, har ma da dabarun da ake amfani da su wajen tsarawa, amfani, da gyara waɗannan kayan. Misali, injin sussuka da ake amfani da shi a gonaki, firiji da hasken wuta a gidaje, da kuma kwamfuta da intanet suna nuna yadda technology ke sauƙaƙa ayyuka, haɓaka ilimi, da taimakawa wajen gudanar da rayuwa cikin sauƙi.
Tarihin Technology
Tarihin technology ya fara ne tun zamanin da, lokacin da mutane suka fara ƙirƙirar kayan aiki daga duwatsu, itatuwa, da ƙasusuwa domin ciyar da kansu gaba. A wannan lokaci, mutane sun fara amfani da wuta, wanda ta sauƙaƙa dafa abinci, bayar da haske, da samar da tsaro. Daga baya, an samu hanyoyin noma da kiwo waɗanda suka haɓaka samar da abinci da samar da rayuwa mai ɗorewa. A zamanin masana’antu, technology ya samu cigaba mai sauri inda aka fara amfani da injuna, lantarki, da kayan aiki a masana’antu domin samar da kayayyaki cikin sauri da inganci.
A yau, technology ya haɗa da kwamfuta, sadarwa ta intanet, robot, da na’urorin lantarki na zamani, inda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar ɗan Adam, daga sufuri, ilimi, lafiya, masana’antu, har zuwa gidaje da bangaren nishaɗi.
Nau’o’in Technology
Technology yana da nau’o’i daban-daban, waɗanda ake rarrabawa bisa ga aikinsu da fannin da ake amfani da su. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau’oin shi ne:
Industrial Technology
Industrial Technology, wato fasahar masana’antu. Wannan na nufin duk wata fasaha da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa kayayyaki da samar da abubuwa a masana’antu, kamar injinan ƙera kayayyaki, robot a masana’antu, da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki a masana’antu. Industrial Technology yana taimakawa wajen inganta samar da kayayyaki cikin sauri da inganci, rage wahala, da haɓaka tattalin arziki.
Agricultural Technology
Wani muhimmin nau’i shi ne Agricultural Technology, wato fasahar noma da kiwo. Wannan na nufin duk wata fasaha da ake amfani da ita wajen haɓaka aikin gona da samar da abinci. Misalai sun haɗa da injinan casa, tsarin ban ruwa, injinan girbi, da na’urorin lura da yanayin ƙasa. Agricultural Technology ya sauƙaƙa ayyukan manoma, yana ƙara yawan samar da amfanin gona, kuma yana taimakawa wajen rage wahala a tsarin noman gargajiya.
Information Technology
Information Technology (IT) na ɗaya daga cikin nau’o’in technology da suka fi tasiri a yau. IT yana haɗa fasahar sadarwa, kwamfuta, software, da intanet, wanda ke bai wa mutane damar samun bayanai, sadarwa, gudanar da bincike, da sarrafa bayanai cikin sauƙi. Misalan IT sun haɗa da amfani da kwamfuta wajen ƙirƙira bayanai, sadarwa ta imel, manhajojin kasuwanci, da intanet don bincike da karatu.
Medical Technology
Medical Technology kuwa, ya shafi fannin lafiya ne. Wannan nau’in technology yana ƙunshe da kayayyakin aikin asibiti da na’urorin gano cuta, wanda ke taimakawa wajen ganowa, bincike, da kula da marasa lafiya. Misalan Medical Technology sun haɗa da na’urorin duba zuciya, X-ray, na’urorin gwajin jini, da kayan aikin tiyata na zamani. Wannan fasaha tana rage haɗari, tana inganta lafiya, kuma tana sauƙaƙa aikin likitoci.
Construction Technology
Construction Technology wato fasahar gine-gine, ta shafi kayan aikin gini da hanyoyin samar da gine-gine na zamani da na gargajiya. Wannan ya haɗa da amfani da kayan gini masu nagarta, injinan ɗora kayan aiki, da dabaru na zamani wajen gina gidaje, tituna, da manyan gine-gine. Construction Technology yana taimakawa wajen inganta rayuwa, samar da gidaje masu inganci, da haɓaka birane da kauyuka.
Tasirin technology a rayuwar yau da kullum
Technology yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar ɗan Adam a kowane fanni na rayuwa. Ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki, na’urori, da dabaru na zamani, mutane na iya gudanar da ayyuka cikin sauƙi, sauri, da inganci.
Fannin noma
Afannin noman zamani, injin casa da injin ban ruwa suna sauƙaƙa ayyukan manoma, suna ƙara yawan amfanin gona, kuma suna taimakawa wajen rage wahala da haɗarin aiki da noman gargajiya ke haifarwa. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa Agricultural Technology na taimakawa wajen samun abinci mai yawa da tabbatar da rayuwa mai ɗorewa.
Masana’antu
A masana’antu, Industrial Technology yana sauƙaƙa sarrafa kayayyaki, samar da abubuwa cikin inganci, da rage wahala ga ma’aikata. Injinan masana’antu, robot, da na’urorin lantarki suna ba da damar samar da kayayyaki cikin sauri da rage ɓata lokaci. Wannan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka tattalin arziki, ƙara yawan aiki, da samar da damar samun aikin yi ga mutane da yawa.
Fannin lafiya
A fannin kiwon lafiya, Medical Technology yana da matuƙar tasiri wajen inganta lafiya da ceton rayuka. Kayan aikin asibiti da na’urorin gano cuta kamar X-ray, na’urorin duba zuciya, da kayan aikin tiyata na zamani suna taimakawa wajen ganowa da kula da cututtuka cikin sauri da inganci. Wannan ya rage haɗarin rashin lafiya, ya sauƙaƙa aikin likitoci, kuma ya ƙara yawan marasa lafiya da ake iya taimakawa.
Fannin sadarwa
Information Technology (IT) yana bai wa mutane damar samun bayanai, sadarwa, da gudanar da bincike cikin sauƙi. Ta hanyar kwamfuta, intanet, da manhajoji, mutane na iya yin karatu, gudanar da kasuwanci, haɗa kai da sauran mutane a ko’ina cikin duniya, da amfani da sabbin dabaru don warware matsaloli. Wannan fasaha ta haɓaka ilimi da kasuwanci, ta sauƙaƙa hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashe, kuma ta ƙara haɗin kai a fannoni da dama.
Fannin gine-gine
A bangaren gine-gine, Construction Technology yana inganta rayuwa ta hanyar samar da gidaje masu nagarta da abubuwan more rayuwa. Amfani da kayan gini na zamani da dabaru na zamani yana haɓaka ingancin gine-gine, rage ɓata lokaci, da tabbatar da cewa gidaje da tituna sun dace da buƙatun al’umma. Wannan fasaha tana taimakawa wajen haɓaka birane da ƙauyuka, da tabbatar da cewa rayuwar yau da kullum ta kasance mai sauƙi da tsari.
A taƙaice, technology ba kawai kayan aiki ko na’urori ba ne, hanyoyin gudanarwa da dabaru ne waɗanda ke taimakawa ɗan Adam wajen cim ma buri, haɓaka cigaban al’umma, da inganta rayuwar yau da kullum. Tasirin technology ya bayyana a kowane fanni na rayuwa, daga gida, makaranta, masana’antu, noman zamani, kiwon lafiya, har zuwa gine-gine da sadarwa. Wannan ya nuna cewa koyon technology da fahimtarsa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga kowane ɗan Adam da al’umma baki ɗaya.
Technology a Najeriya da Afirka
Technology a Najeriya da Afirka gabaɗaya yana taka rawa mai muhimmanci wajen cigaban tattalin arziki, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, noma, sadarwa, sufuri da rayuwar yau da kullum. Kodayake nahiyar Afirka ta yi jinkirta wajen samun manyan cigaban fasaha idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashen Turai da Asiya, amma shekaru goma zuwa goma sha biyar da suka gabata sun kawo babban sauyi musamman ta fuskar sadarwa, intanet, Artificial Intelligence, fasahar wayar salula, fintech da kuma ƙaddamar da injinan sarrafa aiki a masana’antu. Wannan cigaban ya samo asali ne daga yawaitar matasa masu ƙwarewa, bunƙasar makarantu da cibiyoyin horo, zuwan kamfanonin fasaha na ƙasashen waje, da fitowar sabbin masana masu kirkira a cikin gida.
A Najeriya, fasahar sadarwa ita ce ginshiƙin cigaban technology na zamani. Zuwa yanzu Najeriyar na daga cikin kasashen da ke da yawan masu amfani da intanet fiye da miliyan ɗari, lamarin da ya ba da damar bunƙasar kasuwanci ta hanyar e-commerce, banking apps, mobile money, content creation, digital marketing da kuma ayyuka daga nesa (remote jobs). Fitattun kamfanonin fintech kamar Flutterwave, Paystack, Opay da Moniepoint sun kawo sauƙi wajen biyan kuɗi, tura kuɗi da gudanar da sana’o’i, lamarin da ya rage dogaro da kuɗin takarda. A fannin ilimi kuma an fara amfani da e-learning platforms, smart classrooms da online lecture delivery wanda ya taimaka wa ɗalibai samun darusa ba tare da takura ba.
A Afirka baki ɗaya fasahar noman zamani ta fara karɓuwa sosai. Kasashe kamar Kenya, South Africa, Rwanda da Ethiopia sun kawo tsarin amfani da digital mapping, drone irrigation, smart farming sensors da hybrid seeds. Wannan tsarin ya haɓaka yawan amfanin gona, ya rage kashe kuɗi kuma ya ƙara tsaro ga abinci. Nigeria ma tana bin wannan hanya ta hanyar bunkasa kamfanoni masu samar da injinan ban-ruwa, na’urorin harhaɗa takin zamani da kuma dabarun noma mai amfani da bayanai (data-driven agriculture). Wannan yana nufin manoma na iya sanin lokacin da ya dace su yi shuka, girbi ko ban-ruwa ba tare da hasashe kawai ba.
A bangaren kiwon lafiya an samu sabbin injina, manhajoji da kayayyakin gwaje-gwaje da ake amfani da su a asibitoci domin gano cututtuka cikin hanzari da inganci. A Najeriya akwai cigaba a amfani da ultrasound machines, digital X-ray, laboratory automation da telemedicine waɗanda ke baiwa likitoci damar duba marasa lafiya daga nesa. Wannan cigaba ya taimaka wa yankunan karkara musamman inda babu isassun asibitoci ko likitoci. Ƙasashe kamar Rwanda sun yi fice wajen amfani da drones wajen jigilar magunguna da kayan jinya zuwa wuraren da ba su da hanya mai kyau.
Nan gaba technology na iya zama ginshiƙin da zai canja Afirka gabaɗaya. Idan aka zuba jari sosai, aka bunƙasa masana’antu, aka gyara wutar lantarki, aka mayar da hankali kan STEM education da bincike, Afirka na da damar zama cibiyar fasaha ta duniya. Najeriya na iya zama babbar kasuwar manhajoji, digital economy, e-medicine, agricultural technology da fintech idan aka ci gaba da ɗorawa a kan ma’aunin da aka riga aka samu. Abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne samar da yanayi mai ƙarfafa ƙirƙira, ɗaukar matasa aiki da tallafa musu
Kalubalen Technology a Najeriya
Kalubalen ci gaban technology a Najeriya sun samo asali ne daga tarihi, tsarin mulki, tattalin arziki, matsalolin ilimi da ƙuntar albarkatun da ake da su. Duk da cewa akwai ƙarfi da ƙwarewa a fannin ICT, noma da kasuwanci ta yanar gizo, ƙasar na fuskantar manyan matsaloli da ke jinkirta kaiwa matakin da ake buƙata. Babban ƙalubalen shi ne rashin daidaiton tsare-tsare na gwamnati da rashin cigaba mai ɗorawa a ɓangaren makamashi.
Ƙarancin wutar lantarki
Domin duk wata fasaha tana bukatar wuri mai wadatar wutar lantarki, kuma wannan shi ne jigo ga masana’antu da ingantaccen tsarin sadarwa. A Najeriya wutar lantarki ba ta da tabbas, tana yawan yankewa ko kuma ba ta kai kowane yanki ba. Wannan yana jawo dogaro da janareta wanda yake da tsada, yana ƙara nauyi ga masana’antu, makarantu da cibiyoyin fasaha.
Ƙarancin masana’antu
Baya ga wuta, akwai matsalar ƙarancin masana’antu da kayan aiki na zamani. Yawancin kamfanoni suna sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa ba tare da ƙere-ƙeren fasaha na gida ba. Ana fitar da albarkatun ƙasa kamar mai, zinare, auduga da ma’adinai zuwa ƙasashen waje, daga nan kuma sai a dawo da su a matsayin kayayyakin da aka sarrafa da tsada mai yawa. Wannan dogaro da kayayyaki daga waje yana takaita ilimin fasaha na cikin gida da cigaban masana’antu, yana kuma hana sabbin masana’antu tasowa.
Ƙarancin ilimi
Wani babban kalubale shi ne ƙarancin ilimi da basirar amfani da fasaha, musamman a yankunan karkara inda mutane da dama ba su da damar samun internet ko kayan aiki na zamani. Makarantu da dama ba su da ɗakunan kwamfuta, kayan gwaje-gwaje, ko malamai masu horarwa na musamman. Wannan na haifar da tazara tsakanin matasa masu son koyon fasaha da hanyoyin da za su ba su horon. Sabbin fasahohi kamar Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity da Robotics ba su da tsayayyen matsayi a cikin tsarin ilimin Najeriya.
Damfarar yanar gizo
Haka kuma, akwai matsalolin tsaro da zamba ta intanet (cybercrime) wadda ya mamaye harkokin banki, saye da sayarwa, da bayanan jama’a. Rashin tsare-tsaren kare bayanai da ƙarancin ƙa’idojin doka na ICT yana bai wa ‘yan damfara dama, yana sa kamfanoni na waje jin tsoron saka jari kai tsaye. Hakan ya haddasa rashin yawan cibiyoyin fasaha masu zaman kansu.
Rashin tallafi
Karancin jari da tallafin gwamnati shi ma kalubale ne. Matasa da dama suna da dabaru da fasahar kirkire-kirkire amma ba sa samun tallafi, masana’antu kuma sun kasa haɓaka saboda haraji mai nauyi, rashin rance mai sauƙi, da tsadar kayayyakin da ake shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje. Hakan yana rage yawan sabbin kamfanonin fasaha a ƙasar, ko kuma yana sa su bar ƙasar zuwa Dubai, Canada, UK ko Kenya don samun damar haɓaka.
Matsalolin tsaro
Haka kuma, matsalolin tsaro a yankuna daban-daban kamar hare-hare, satar mutane da rikicin addini da na kabilanci na hana kamfanonin fasaha kafa cibiyoyi ko zuba jari a jihohi da dama. Hakan ya sa cigaban fasaha ya taƙaita ne a manyan birane kamar Lagos, Abuja da Kano, yayin da sauran jihohi ke ci gaba da yin baya.
Hanyoyin magance kalubalen technology a Najeriya
Magance matsalolin technology a Najeriya na bukatar tsari mai ɗorawa, haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnati, masu zuba jari, masana’antu, cibiyoyin ilimi, da matasa masu kirkire-kirkire. Abubuwan da za su inganta wannan fanni ba su tsaya a kan magance matsaloli kawai ba, har ma sun shafi samar da sabuwar hanya mai ƙarfi da za ta ɗaga Najeriya zuwa sahun gaba a Afrika da duniya.
Inganta wutar lantarki
Mataki na farko shi ne inganta wutar lantarki saboda ita ce ginshiƙin duk wata fasaha. Gwamnati za ta iya yin haka ta hanyar sake fasalin tsarin samar da wuta, zuba jari a fannin solar, wind da hydro-power, tare da rage dogaro ga tashoshin thermal. Idan aka samu ingantacciyar wutar lantarki, masana’antu za su ƙara aiki, farashin kayayyaki zai ragu, cibiyoyin bincike su yi tasiri, har ma makarantu da ƙauyuka su shiga tsarin zamani.
Gina masana’antun kere-keren a cikin gida
Akwai buƙatar kafa masana’antun cikin gida maimakon dogaro da kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga waje. Idan gwamnati ta samar da rance mai sauƙin, ta rage haraji ga sabbin kamfanonin fasaha, da tallafawa ƙere-ƙeren cikin gida, za a iya samar da injina, kayan aikin kwamfuta, manhajoji, 3D printers da robotics a Najeriya. Wannan zai rage yawan kuɗin shigo da kaya, ya samar da ayyukan yi, ya kuma horar da matasa cikin ilimi mai amfani.
Sabunta manhajar ilimi
A bangaren ilimi, wajibi ne a sabunta manhajar makarantu domin ta dace da zamani. Ya zama dole makarantu su fara koyar da ilimin robotics, coding, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, 3D modeling, renewable energy da smart-agriculture tun daga matakin secondary school. Jami’o’i su kasance da ɗakunan bincike, masana’antun manhajoji a cikinsu, wanda zai ba ɗalibai damar yin practical ba theory kaɗai ba. Idan gwamnati ko kamfanonin waje suka haɗa kai suka kafa cibiyoyin ƙere-ƙere a jihohi daban-daban, matasa za su koyi sana’ar fasaha kai tsaye, su kuma ƙirƙiro sabbin abubuwa.
Ƙarfafa dokokin cybersecurity
A fannin tsaron intanet kuma akwai buƙatar ƙarfafa dokokin cyber security domin rage zamba (scam), satar bayanai, da damfara ta internet. Idan aka tanadi cibiyoyi masu kula da tsaro na bayanai, bankuna da hukumomin gwamnati za su ba jama’a tabbaci, kuma wannan zai kawo sha’awar kasuwancin e-commerce da fintech. Hakan zai jawo masu zuba jari daga waje, musamman idan aka ga ana kulawa da bayanan jama’a cikin tsaro.
Tallafa wa sabbin kamfanoni da matasa masu kirkire-kirkire
Najeriya za ta iya samun ci gaba idan aka tallafa sabbin kamfanoni da masu ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire. Matasa da dama suna da fasahar ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire amma ba su da kayan aiki, ba sa samun bashi ko horo. Zuba jari a irin waɗannan matasa shi ne saka jari a nan gaba. Ana iya kafa cibiyar innovation a kowanne yanki; Arewa, Kudu, Gabas da Yamma, domin samar da kayan aiki da guraben gwaje-gwaje kamar CNC machines, programming lab, AI servers da 3D fabrication rooms.
Samar da tsaro da zuba jari mai dorewa
Wajibi ne a samar da tsaro mai ɗorewa, domin babu kamfani ko masanin fasaha da zai zuba jari a yankin da ke fama da rikici. Idan aka samar da tsaro, tattalin arziki ya farfaɗo, kasuwanci ya bunƙasa, fasaha ta sami goyon baya sosai. Hakika, Nigeria na da mutane masu basira, amma tana bukatar tsari, kariya, da zuba jari domin fasaha ta canja halin rayuwa.
Manazarta
Mumford, L. (2010, March 15). Technics and Civilization. University of Chicago Press.
Ellul, J. (1990, July). The Myth of the Machine (Vols. 1 & 2). Vintage Books.
Marvin, C. (2016, May 20). Media Technology and Society: A History from the Telegraph to the Internet. Routledge.
Brey, P. (2008, September 10). Man in the Age of Technology. Springer.
Sharuɗɗan Editoci
Duk maƙalun da kuka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.
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