Tunani wani muhimmin aiki ne na ƙwaƙwalwa da zuciya, wanda ɗan Adam ke amfani da shi wajen nazari, fahimta, hangen nesa da yanke shawara. Shi ne ginshiƙin da ya bambanta mutum da sauran halittu, domin yana ba shi damar sarrafa bayanai, gane al’amura, da tsara rayuwarsa cikin hikima da basira. Masana daga fannoni daban-daban da suka haɗa falsafa, kimiyya, ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam da addini, sun yi bayani mai faɗi game da tunani, wanda ya nuna muhimmancinsa da tasirinsa ga ci gaban ɗan Adam.

Ma’anar tunani
Tunani aiki ne na ƙwaƙwalwa da zuciya, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen nazari, tsara ra’ayi, fahimtar al’amura da warware matsaloli. A fannin ilimi, tunani yana da alaƙa da natsuwa, zurfin fahimta, bincike, da kuma auna sakamakon ayyuka. Masana sun tabbatar cewa tunani ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar:
- Nutsuwa da mayar da hankali kan wani abu
- Nazari mai zurfi
- Shirya ko tsara wani lamari
- Fahimtar yanayi ko al’amura
- Auna fahimta da sakamako
A takaice, tunani na nuni da yadda mutum ke sarrafa bayanai domin fahimtar duniya da hulɗa da jama’a.
Tunani a mahangar falsafa
Masana a fannin falsafa tun daga ƙarnonin baya sun yi bayanai masu zurfi game da tunani, suna ɗaukar shi tamkar ginshiƙin da ake gina sanin mutum da fahimtar gaskiya a kai. A fahimtar falsafa, tunani ba wai kawai abin da ƙwaƙwalwa ke yi ba ne, ya haɗa da wata hanya da mutum ke aiki da ita wajen bincike, zurfafa hangen nesa, da gano ma’anar abubuwa da ke kewaye da shi. Daga zamanin daular Girka har zuwa ƙarni na sha takwas, masana falsafa sun kalli tunani a matsayin tsani da mutum ke hawa domin fahimtar kansa, halittu, da Ubangiji.
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Plato
A fahimtarsa, tunani aiki ne na rai, kuma shi ne hanya mafi inganci ta kaiwa ga cikakkiyar gaskiya. A tunaninsa, abubuwan da idanu ke gani ba cikakku ba ne, domin kama su ba zai wuce nau’in zane-zane ko inuwa ba. Don haka tunani ne kaɗai ke ba mutum damar zare kansa daga ruɗin gani ya shiga duniyar gaskiya. A wajen Plato, tunani yana sa mutum ya rayu cikin hikima, saboda ya ratsa ta sama da wurin da hankali mara zurfi zai tsaya.
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Aristotle
Aristotle, wanda shi ma yana daga cikin fitattun malaman falsafa, ya ɗauki tunani a matsayin aikace-aikacen hankali wanda ke bambanta mutum da dabbobi. Ya gina fahimtarsa ne a kan tsarin mantiki, inductive da deductive reasoning, yana mai cewa hankali shi ne jagora wajen kai mutum ga sanin gaskiya. Aristotle ya yi imani da cewa duk wani tunani yana buƙatar tsarin bin diddigi, bincike, nazari, da haɗa hujjoji cikin tsari domin samar da fahimta mai inganci. A gare shi, tunani yana aiki kamar mashiga mai jagoranci; idan aka yi amfani da shi daidai, sai ya kai mutum ga kyakkyawar fahimtar rayuwa da ilimi.
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René Descartes
Descartes ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a sabuwar fahimtar falsafawa, inda ya danganta tunani kai tsaye da wanzuwar mutum. Maganarsa mai shahara, “Ina tunani, saboda haka ina nan da rai,” ta zame masa alamar bambanci. Wannan magana ba wai fassarar motsin tunani kaɗai ba ce, shaida ce da ke nuna cewa ikon yin tunani shi ne hujjar farko da mutum zai dogara da ita wajen tabbatar da wanzuwar kansa. A tsarin Descartes, tunani shi ne tushen ilimi, kuma ko da dukkan abubuwan duniya za a iya yi musu shakku, tunani ba zai taɓa ƙaryata kansa ba.
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John Locke
John Locke ya ɗora fahimtarsa a kan ra’ayin da ke bayyana ƙwaƙwalwa da mutum ke zuwa da ita daga haihuwa. A tsarinsa, tunani ba ya fitowa daga wata siffar gado ta halitta, face dai ya yana tasowa ne daga ƙwarewa, gani, ji, mu’amala, karatu, da duk wani abu da mutum yake fuskanta a rayuwa. Kowane tunani mai zurfi yana da asali a cikin abubuwan da mutum ya sani ko ya gamu da su. Hakan na nufin cewa kowane ilimi, ko na zahiri ko na tunani, yana dogara ne da kwarewar mutum da yanayin da ya girma a ciki.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant ya kawo haɗin fahimta tsakanin Locke da Descartes. Ya bayyana cewa mutum yana zuwa duniya da wasu halayen tunani da suke na gado; wato akwai wani tushe na tunani da mutum yake da shi tun daga haihuwa. Sai dai ya ce wannan tushe ba zai kai ga ingantaccen tunani ba idan babu ilmantarwa ko tarbiyyar da zai fuskanta daga muhallinsa. A wannan bangare, Kant ya kalli tunani a matsayin haɗin kai na abin da mutum ya gada da kuma abin da ya koya. A tunaninsa, tunani yana mayar da muhallin mutum da rayuwarsa su zama ginshiƙan gini, yayin da hankalin da ya gada yake zama matattarar sarrafa ilimin da yake tarawa.
Tunani a ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam (psychology)
A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam, tunani ana kallon shi a matsayin tsarin da ƙwaƙwalwa ke amfani da shi wajen sarrafa bayanai, yin hukunci, ɗaukar matakai, da ƙirƙirar sabbin fahimtu. Masana psychology sun yi nazari mai zurfi kan yadda tunani ke tasowa, yadda yake aiki, da irin abubuwan da ke shafar ingancinsa. Wannan ya sa aka samu manyan masana kamar Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, da Carl Jung, waɗanda kowannensu ya kawo ƙarin haske game da yadda tunanin ɗan Adam ke gudana da yadda yake tasowa tun daga ƙuruciya har zuwa manyanta.
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Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget shi ne ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana da suka yi bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda tunani ke tasowa a cikin yara. A ganinsa, tunani ba ya bayyana gabaɗaya nan da nan tun daga haihuwa, sai dai yana tashi ne sannu a hankali ta hanyar matakai da ake bi har mutum ya kai ga balaga. Ya yi imanin cewa tunani hanya ce ta gina ilimi (constructivism), wato yara kan gina iliminsu ne daga abin da suke gani, abin da suke ji, da abubuwan da suke gwadawa da kansu. Saboda haka ya ƙirƙiri matakai huɗu masu nuna yadda fasahar tunani ke bunƙasa daga matakin jarirantwka zuwa matakin manyanta. Wannan ya hada da gano yadda yara ke fahimtar sarari, lokaci, jiki, nauyi, ka’ida, motsi, da hujjoji. A fahimtarsa, mutum ba ya kaiwa ga cikakken tunani mai zurfi sai ya ratsa waɗannan matakai.
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Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud ya yi fice sosai a fannin nazarin tunanin ɗan Adam, musamman wajen bayyana ɓoyayyun bukatu da ra’ayoyi da ke tasiri a rayuwar mutum ba tare da ya san su ba. Ya raba tunani gida uku, domin a ganinsa tunani ba abu ɗaya ba ne, sannan ba a iya fahimtarsa daga abin da mutum ke gani kawai. Mataki na farko shi ne hankalin ɓoye, wato wuri mafi zurfi da ke ɗauke da abubuwan da mutum bai san suna nan ba, amma duk da haka suna rinjayar halayyarsa, tsoronsa, sha’awarsa, da yanke shawara. Sai kuma hankalin tsakiya wanda ke tsakanin sani da ɓoye; abubuwan da ke nan ba a fili suke ba, amma mutum zai iya tuna su idan aka masa tambaya ko aka tunasar. Mataki na uku shi ne hankalin fili, wanda ke nuna abubuwan da mutum ya sani a yanzu, kamar ganinsa, tunaninsa na wannan lokaci, da abin da ya ƙudurta yi. Freud ya ce mafi yawan aikace-aikacen tunanin mutum a zahiri suna faruwa ne a cikin wannan ɓoyayyen ɓangare, wanda ke nuna cewa abin da mutum ya san yana tunani ba shi da cikakken iko ga abin da tunaninsa ke yi a tsanake.
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Carl Jung
Carl Jung, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Freud kafin su rabu da juna, ya zurfafa fahimtar tunani zuwa wani sabon mataki. Ya amince cewa akwai hankalin ɓoye, amma ya yi imanin cewa ba mutum kaɗai yake da nasa ba, akwai wani ɓangare da ya kira tunanin bai-ɗaya, wato collective unconscious. A fahimtarsa, wannan tunanin bai-ɗaya wani wuri ne da dukkan al’umma, ko ma bil’adama gabaɗaya, suke tarayya da shi, kuma yana ɗauke da alamomi, tsoratarwa, dabi’u, hikimomi, da hanyoyin ɗaukar al’amuran da ake gadonsu ba tare da koyarwa ba. Wannan shi ya sa mutane daban-daban daga ƙasashe, al’adu, da zamani daban suke iya bayyana tasirin alamomi iri ɗaya, kamar jarumta, hikima, ko har ma mafarkin abubuwan makiki. A cewar Jung, tunani ba kawai shiri ne da kwarewa ke gina shi ba, akwai wani bangare da asalinsa ya wuce mutum ɗaya, wanda yake haɗa shi da tarihin halittar ɗan Adam.
Ire-iren tunani
Kyakkyawan tunani
Kyakkyawan tunani shi ne tunanin da ke haifar da mafita, haske a cikin matsala, da ƙarfafar mutum wajen kyautata rayuwarsa. Siffofin kyakkyawan tunani sun haɗa da:
- Ganin haske a cikin kowace matsala
- Kyautata zato ga mutane
- Yarda da ƙaddara
- Juriya a lokacin ƙunci
Amfaninsa
- Ƙarfafa zuciya, yana sa mutum ya zama mai juriya ga matsaloli
- Kyautata mu’amala tsakanin mutane
- Ƙara yawan nasarorin a rayuwa
- Rage damuwa da wanzar da kwanciyar hankali
Hanyoyin haɓaka kyakkyawan Tunani
- Yawaita karanta littattafan masana
- Zama da mutanen kirki masu tunanin alheri
- Godiya ga ni’imomin Ubangiji
- Ɗaukar darasi daga kurakuran baya
Mugun tunani
Mugun tunani shi ne tunanin da ke karkatar da mutum zuwa mugunta, hassada, son zuciya ko aikata abin da ya saɓa wa doka. Siffofin mugun tunani sun haɗa da:
- Hassada da ƙiyayya
- Raini ko wulakanci ba tare da hujja ba
- Ƙin gaskiya da son zuciya
- Shirya mugunta ko cuta ga wani
Illolin mugun tunani
- Lalata halaye da ɗabi’a
- Haifar da mugunta a mu’amala
- Jawo damuwa da baƙin ciki
- Haifar da rikici cikin iyali da al’umma
- Kawar da mutum daga samun nasara
Hanyoyin kauce wa mugun tunani
- Koyar da kai yin tunani mai kyau
- Nisantar abokan banza
- Neman ilimi da bin nasiha
- Yin addu’a
- Zama cikin al’umma masu ilimi da ƙwarin hali.

Tunani a zamanance
A mahangar kimiyya, tunani shi ne aikin gina ra’ayi da nazarin bayanai wanda ƙwaƙwalwa ke yi ta amfani da ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikinta, sinadarai, da hanyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyi. Wannan tsarin yana ba mutum damar nazari, tsari, fassara bayanai, da ɗaukar mataki. A fannin neuroscience ana ganin tunani a matsayin sakamakon mu’amalar jijiyoyi da sinadarai da ke gudana tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa.
Ire-iren tunani a kimiyan ɗan Adam
A kimiyance, ire-iren tunani suna bayyana hanyoyin da ƙwaƙwalwa ke amfani da su wajen fahimta, nazari, yanke shawara, da samar da mafita. Kowanne irin tunani yana da tsarin aiki, mahimmanci, da tasirinsa ga rayuwar mutum. Masana kimiyya sun raba tunani zuwa wasu manyan rukuni guda hudu: Critical / Analytical Thinking, Creative Thinking, Logical / Rational Thinking, da Metacognition.
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Critical thinking
Critical Thinking, wanda ake kira analytical thinking, tunani ne da ke ba mutum damar tantance hujja, bincikar bayanai, da gano matsaloli a sarari. Wannan nau’i na tunani yana buƙatar hankali da ƙwarewa wajen gano kuskure, da dabarar yin hukunci bisa dalili da hujja. Masu tunani irin wannan suna iya duba bayanai daga ɓangarori da dama, su gano ƙananan bambance-bambance, sannan su tsara bayanai cikin tsari mai ma’ana kafin su yanke hukunci. Wannan irin tunani yana da amfani sosai a fannonin kimiyya, likitanci, injiniyanci, shari’a, da dukkan wuraren da ake buƙatar nazari da hujja mai ƙarfi.
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Creative thinking
Tunanin ƙirƙira yana nufin ikon samar da sabbin ra’ayoyi, sabbin dabaru, ko sabbin hanyoyin warware matsala waɗanda ba a saba gani ba. Wannan tunani yana buƙatar nutsuwa, ƙarfin zurfafa tunani, da ikon ganin wani abu ta wata fuska dabam da yadda ake kallon shi a al’ada. Masu irin wannan tunani sukan sami damar haɗa abubuwa biyu ko fiye da ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye, domin samar da wani sabon tsari ko mafita. Kimiyya ta tabbatar da cewa irin wannan tunani yana da alaƙa da kuruciyar zuciya, damar juyar da abu cikin nutsuwa, da kuma sha’awar neman sabbin abubuwa.
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Logical thinking
Logical thinking ko rational thinking yana nufin yin tunani bisa ƙa’idojin hujja da dalili, ba tare da shafar ra’ayin zuciya ko son rai ba. Wannan tunani yana amfani da tsarin nazari, misalta hujja, da gina sakamako daga bayanai da aka tattara. A cikin wannan tsari, mutum yana tabbatar da cewa sakamakon da ya samu bai saɓa wa tsarin dalili da ka’idar tunani ba. Logical thinking yana da matuƙar amfani a lissafi, falsafa, binciken kimiyya, shari’a, da sauran fannoni da ke buƙatar daidaiton hujja da tabbataccen sakamako.
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Metacognition
Metacognition yana nufin damar mutum ya yi tunani a kan yadda yake tunani, wato sanin hanyoyin da yake amfani da su wajen fahimta da warware matsala. Wannan tunani yana baiwa mutum damar lura da ƙarfi da raunin tunaninsa, da sanin lokacin da ya kamata ya ɗauki mataki cikin gaggawa ko lokacin da ya kamata ya bi a hankali. Metacognition yana taimaka wa mutum wajen inganta dabarunsa na nazari, tsarawa, da yanke shawara, ta yadda zai cim ma sakamako mai inganci. Wannan irin tunani shi ne tushen koyo mai zurfi, domin yana sa mutum ya gane yadda yake amfani da kwakwalwarsa da yadda zai iya haɓaka fahimtarsa.
Yadda kimiyya ke nazarin tunani
A yau, kimiyya tana nazarin tunani ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. A fannin neuroscience ana amfani da na’urori irin su fMRI da EEG domin ganin inda ƙwaƙwalwa ke aiki lokacin da mutum yake tunani. Na’urorin suna nuna yadda jijiyoyi ke tashi da sinadarai ke mu’amala, wanda hakan ke bayanin dalilin wasu dabi’u da matakai na fahimta.
A fannin psychology ana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje domin tantance yadda mutane ke yanke shawara, yadda tunani ke tasowa, da yadda halayya ke sauyawa bisa tunani. Masu bincike kan sa mutane cikin yanayi daban-daban domin auna yadda tunaninsu ke sauyawa. A fannin fasahar ƙere-kere kuwa, musamman Artificial Intelligence, ana yin amfani da tunanin mutum a matsayin tsarin da ake kwaikwaya domin gina algorithms da za su iya nazari ko daidaituwa kamar ɗan Adam, ko ma su doke shi a wasu ɓangarorin na lissafi ko tantance bayanai.
Abubuwan da ke shafar tunani a kimiyance
Abubuwa da dama na jiki, kwarewa, da yanayin da mutum ya tsinci kansa su ke tsara yadda tunani ke aiki. Masana sun raba abubuwan da ke tasiri ga tunani zuwa manyan rukuni hudu: gado, muhalli, kwarewa, da lafiya.
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Gado
Halittar ɗan Adam da tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta, musamman na ƙwaƙwalwa, suna da matuƙar tasiri wajen samar da tunani. Yanayin girman ƙwaƙwalwa, hadakar jijiyoyi, da yanayin sinadaran ƙwaƙwalwa na iya ƙayyade damar mutum ta nazari, ƙirƙira, da fahimta. Misali, wasu mutane na iya samun ƙarfin tunani mai zurfi ko saurin fahimta saboda tsarin halittarsu ta gado.
Muhalli
Muhalli yana nufin wurin da mutum ya taso da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi, kamar al’adu, makaranta, tarbiyya, da zamantakewa. Rayuwa cikin muhalli mai tsafta, tsari, da ingantacciyar tarbiyya na taimaka wa tunani ya bunƙasa, yayin da yanayi mai hayaniya, tashin hankali ko rashin kulawa zai iya rage ingancin tunani. Muhalli yana ba da misali, koyo, da yanayin da mutum zai iya amfani da shi wajen nazari da yanke hukunci.
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Abubuwan da aka fuskanta
Abubuwan da mutum ya fuskanta a rayuwa suna da matuƙar tasiri ga tunani. Ƙwarewa ta hanyar samun farinciki, nasara, gazawa, rashin nasara, ko matsaloli na rayuwa, duk suna canja yadda mutum ke fahimta da yanke shawara. Tunani yana ginuwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, wanda ke sa mutum ya koyi darasi daga ƙwarewa da gogewa.
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Lafiya
Lafiya ta jiki da ta ƙwaƙwalwa tana taka rawa sosai a yadda mutum ke tunani. Barci mai kyau, hormones, abinci mai gina jiki, da motsa jiki suna taimaka wa ƙwaƙwalwa wajen aiki yadda ya kamata, su sa tunani ya kasance mai ƙarfi da inganci. Rashin barci, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, gajiya ko rashin motsa jiki na iya rage samar yin tunani da yanke shawara.
Muhimmancin nazarin tunani a kimiyya
Nazarin tunani a fannin kimiyya yana da amfani sosai wajen fahimtar ɗabi’a da ƙwarewar ɗan Adam. Yana taimakawa wajen:
- Magance matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa kamar damuwa, rashin hankali, da cututtuka irin su Alzheimer.
- Inganta ilimi da koyarwa, domin malamai su fahimci yadda ɗalibai ke tunani da koyo.
- Samar da dabarun warware matsaloli na zamani, musamman a fannonin fasaha, kimiyya, da ƙirƙira.
Tunani a addinance
Tunani a addini ba kawai aikin ƙwaƙwalwa ba ne, har ila yau yana da alaƙa da nufin zuciya da tsarin rayuwa. Addini yana zama jagora kan yadda mutum zai yi tunani a kan abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa, mutuwa, nasara, da jarabawa.
Alaƙar tunani da tsoron Allah da tsarkake zuciya
Tunani a addini yana taimakawa mutum wajen tsarkake zuciya da tsoron Allah. Wannan tsoron yana sa mutum ya nisanci sharrin duniya, ya zaɓi kyawawan ayyuka, kuma ya kiyaye ladabi da gaskiya a cikin al’amuransa.
Nazari game da halittu
Mutum mai tunani a addini yana nazari kan halitta da manufar Ubangiji a rayuwa. Wannan yana taimaka masa fahimtar ma’anar rayuwa da ayyukan da ya kamata ya yi domin samun lada da tsira.
Zaɓar kyawawan ayyuka da aiki bisa gaskiya
Tunani mai kyau a addini yana jagorantar mutum wajen zaɓar kyawawan ayyuka da gujewa mummunan abu. Haka kuma yana taimaka wa mutum ya tsara rayuwarsa bisa gaskiya, ladabi, da koyarwar addini, wanda ke haifar da nutsuwa, gaskiya, da aiki da abin da aka sani.
Manazarta
Bouchard, T. J., Jr., & McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. Journal of Neurobiology, 54(1), 4–45.
McLeod, S. (n.d.). Nature vs. nurture in psychology. SimplyPsychology.
Pomohaibo, V., Karapuzova, N., Pavlenko, Y., & Fazan, V. (2024). The influence of heredity and environment on human cognitive ability. Wiadomosci Lekarskie, 77(12), 2517–2522.
Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2013). Genetic and environmental influences on cognition across development. Current Directions in Psychological Science.
Sharuɗɗan Editoci
Duk maƙalun da kuka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.
Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.
