Virtual Reality wata fasaha ce ta zamani da ta samo asali daga haɗakar ilimin kwamfuta da fasahar zane-zane na 3D da ilimin sarrafa bayanai, tare da manufar samar yanayi na kwaikwayo mai kama da zahiri ko gaske. Wannan yanayi yana bai wa mutane damar jin kamar suna rayuwa ne a cikin wata duniya ta daban, ko kuma suna motsi da amfani da abubuwa kamar yadda suke yi a rayuwar zahiri. A tsarin VR, mutane na shiga cikin yanayin ne gabaɗaya ba iya kallon hoto ba, suna kallon abubuwa ta kusurwar 360°, suna jin sautuka daga ɓangarori daban-daban, kuma suna iya yin mu’amala da abubuwan da ke kewaye da su.
Ma’anar virtual reality
A ma’anar ilimin kimiyya da fasaha, virtual reality tsarin dijital ne da ke amfani da kwamfuta domin ƙirƙirar muhalli mai kama da wani wanda mutun zai iya shiga cikinsa ta hanyar na’urori na musamman. Wannan muhalli ana gina shi ne ta amfani da bayanai na lissafi da zane-zanen kwamfuta ta hanyar manhaja, domin samar da hotuna da sautuka da motsawa daidai da zahiri. Na’urori kamar head-mounted display (HMD) wasu na’urori ne da ke rufe idon mutum gabaɗaya, suna maye gurbin ainihin abin da ido ke gani da hoton kwaikwayo, yayin da kunne ke samar da sauti mai bin alkiblar motsi.
Tasirin virtual reality ya ta’allaka ne a kan yadda fasahar ke iya shafar tunanin mutum, ta hanyar sanya ido, kunne, da motsawa su yi aiki tare a lokaci guda. Wannan tsari na sa ƙwaƙwalwa ta karɓi yanayin kwaikwayon a matsayin wani abu mai kama da gaskiya. Saboda haka, virtual reality ta zarce nishaɗi kawai, ta zama muhimmiyar hanya a fannoni kamar ilimi, horo da ƙwarewa da binciken kimiyya da likitanci da tsare-tsaren ayyukan injiniyanci, inda ake buƙatar fahimta mai zurfi da kwarewar aikace-aikace.
Babban tsarin virtual reality shi ne bin motsin jiki da kai a ainihin lokaci. Firikwensin motsawa da ke cikin na’urorin virtual reality suna lura da yadda mai amfani da na’urar ke juya kansa ko matsar da idanu ko motsa hannaye, sannan kwamfuta ta sauya hotunan da sautuka nan take domin su dace da wannan motsi. Wannan saurin tsarin ne ke ba da damar jin cewa mutum yana mu’amala kai tsaye da muhallin, ba tare da jinkiri ba. A haka ne virtual reality ta bambanta da kallon bidiyo ko hoto na al’ada, domin tana ba da damar mu’amala da yanayi mai tabbatacce, wanda ke sauyawa gwargwadon abin da mai amfani da na’urar yake yi.
Tarihin ƙirƙiro virtual reality
Tunanin ƙirƙirar na’urar virtual reality ya fara bayyana tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, lokacin da masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi suka fara tunanin yadda za a iya ƙirƙirar yanayi da zai haɗa gani da sauti da motsi domin kwaikwayon yanayin gaskiya. Daya daga cikin farkon masu wannan tunani shi ne Morton Heilig, wanda a shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960 ya ƙirƙiri na’urar Sensorama. Wannan na’ura ta bai wa mutane damar kallon bidiyo mai motsi tare da sauti da girgiza da wasu abubuwan jin jiki. Wannan ne ya zama tubalin farko na fasahar virtual reality.
A shekarun 1960 kuma, an samu wani muhimmin cigaba ta hanyar aikin , wanda ya ƙirƙiri na’urar gilashin kwamfuta ta farko wacce ake ratayewa, wacce aka fi sani da Sword of Damocles. Wannan na’ura ce da ke nuna hotuna na kwamfuta kai tsaye a gaban ido, kuma tana bin motsin kai. Ita ce tushen samuwar head-mounted display na zamani.
Daga wancan lokaci zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, cigaban kwamfuta da ƙaruwar ƙarfin sarrafa bayanai, da bunƙasar fasahar zane-zanen 3D sun taimaka matuƙa wajen inganta fasahar virtual reality. A shekarun 1990, aka fara amfani da virtual reality a fannoni kamar soja da jirgin sama da binciken kimiyya, sai dai tsadar kayayyakin aiki da ƙarancin inganci sun takaita yaduwarta. Zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21, tare da bunƙasar kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi da wayoyin hannu da na’urorin gilashin virtual reality na zamani, fasahar ta fara zama fasaha mai sauƙin samu da amfani a fannoni da dama na rayuwa.
Tsarin aikin virtual reality
Tsarin aiki na Virtual Reality yana dogara ne a kan haɗin kai tsakanin manyan sassa guda uku, waɗanda ke aiki tare domin samar da tsari mai kama da gaskiya.
Na’urar kwamfuta
Na farko shi ne kwamfuta mai ƙarfi, wacce ke da alhakin sarrafa bayanai, sarrafa motsawa da samar da hotuna da sautuka masu inganci. Wannan kwamfuta tana amfani da manyan manhajojin lissafi da zane domin tabbatar da cewa abin da ake nunawa yana da sauri kuma bisa tsari.
Manhajar virtual reality
Na biyu shi ne manhajar virtual reality, wacce ke ƙirƙirar muhalli mai kama da wani da dokokin mu’amala a cikinsa. Ita ce ke tsara yadda abubuwa za su kasance da yadda za su motsa da yadda mutum zai iya aiki da su. Manhajar na kuma lura da bayanan da ke zuwa daga firikwensin motsi, tana fassara su zuwa canje-canje a hotuna da sautuka.
Na’urorin shigar da bayanai
Na uku kuma su ne na’urorin shigarwa da fitarwa, kamar gilashin virtual reality, na’urar kunne, da firikwensin motsi. Waɗannan na’urori ne ke bai wa mutane damar shiga cikin duniyar kwaikwayo ta hanyar gani da ji da motsi. Lokacin da mai amfani da fasahar ya juya kansa ko ya motsa hannunsa ko ya yi tafiya, firikwensin na’urorin nan suna ɗaukar wannan motsi suna aika bayanin zuwa kwamfuta. Nan take kuma, tsarin virtual reality zai sabunta hoton da sautin da ake nunawa domin su dace da sabon tsarin motsawar. Wannan saurin amsawa ne ke haifar da nutsuwar hankali, wanda ke sa mutum ya ji kamar yana mu’amala kai tsaye da duniyar da aka ƙirƙira, ba tare da jinkiri ko rarrabuwar hankali ba.
Ire-iren virtual reality
Akwai manyan nau’o’i na virtual reality, waɗanda aka bambanta su gwargwadon yadda mutane ke nutsuwa da mu’amala a duniyar mai kama da wata.
Fully Immersive
Fully immersive virtual reality shi ne nau’in da ke ba da cikakkiyar nutsuwa, inda mutum ke sanya gilashin virtual reality da na’urorin firikwensin motsi domin shiga duniyar dijital gabaɗaya. A wannan yanayi, abin da ido ke gani da kunne ke ji gabaɗaya ana sarrafa su ne ta tsarin virtual reality, abin da ke sa mutum ya ji kamar ya fice daga duniyar zahiri ya shiga wata sabuwar duniya. Wannan nau’i ana yawan amfani da shi a horo na ƙwarewa da wasanni da binciken kimiyya.
Semi-Immersive
Semi-immersive virtual reality kuwa yana ba damar shiga duniyar kwaikwayo amma ba cikakkiya ba. A nan, mutum yana kallon muhalli mai kama da wani ta manyan allunan kwamfuta na musamman, yayin da yake ci gaba da kasancewa cikin duniyar zahiri. Wannan nau’i na virtual reality ana amfani da shi sosai a wajen horon sana’o’i da injiniyanci da koyarwa, domin yana haɗa fa’idar kwaikwayo da sauƙin amfani ba tare da buƙatar cikakken kayan virtual reality ba.
Non-Immersive
Non-immersive virtual reality shi ne mafi sauƙi daga cikin nau’o’in virtual reality. A wannan tsarin, ana amfani da kwamfuta ko na’urar wasa (game) wajen kwaikwayon wani yanayi, amma mutum ba ya jin cikakkiyar nutsuwa kamar yadda ake samu a sauran nau’o’in. Misalai sun haɗa da wasannin kwamfuta na gargajiya da manhajojin kwaikwayo na ilimi, inda mutum ke mu’amala da muhalli ta linzamin kwamfuta ko madannai kawai.
Amfanin virtual reality
Virtual reality na da amfani mai yawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar ɗan Adam.
Fannin ilimi
A fannin ilmi da koyarwa, ana amfani da virtual reality wajen ba da horo da gwaje-gwaje cikin yanayi mai aminci, musamman a darusan kimiyya da fasaha da ayyukan hannu, inda ɗalibai za su iya koyon abubuwa masu haɗari ba tare da fuskantar haɗarin zahiri ba. Wannan yana ƙara fahimta da ƙwarewa fiye da koyarwa ta karatu kaɗai.
Fannin likitanci
A fannin likitanci virtual reality ta zama muhimmiyar hanya wajen horar da likitoci da ma’aikatan lafiya. Ana amfani da ita wajen kwaikwayon tiyata da koyon dabarun jinya da kuma taimakawa marasa lafiya wajen rage raɗaɗi ko fargaba ta hanyar karkatar da hankulansu zuwa yanayi na nishaɗi. Haka kuma, virtual reality na taimakawa wajen jinya ta motsa jiki ga masu nakasa ko waɗanda ke murmurewa daga rauni.
Fannin wasanni da nishaɗi
A fannin wasanni da nishaɗi kuwa, virtual reality ta kawo sauyi mai girma, domin tana bai wa masu wasa damar shiga duniyar wasa kai tsaye, suna motsi da mu’amala da abubuwa kamar suna ciki a zahiri. Wannan ya ƙara armashi da jin daɗin wasanni fiye da tsarin kallon allo kawai.
Fannin ayyukan gine-gine
A fannin sana’ar gine-gine da injiniyanci, ana amfani da virtual reality wajen duba tsari da zane-zane kafin a fara gini a zahiri. Wannan yana taimaka wa masu tsara gini su gano kurakurai tun da wuri, su kuma fahimci yadda gini zai kasance a zahiri.
Fannin tsaro
A fannin ayyukan soja da tsaro, virtual reality na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen horar da jami’ai a yanayin yaƙi na kwaikwayo, ba tare da haɗarin asarar rai ko dukiya ba.
Fannin yawon buɗe ido
Haka kuma, a yawon buɗe ido, VR na ba mutane damar ziyartar wurare, tarihi, da al’adu daban-daban ba tare da barin inda suke ba.
Wasu ƙarin fa’idojin virtual reality
Daga cikin manyan fa’idodin Virtual Reality akwai damar ba da kwarewa mai kama da gaskiya ba tare da tilasta kasancewa a wurin a zahiri ba. Wannan yana da amfani musamman a yanayin da tafiya ko aiwatar da aiki ke da tsada ko haɗari.
Haka kuma, virtual reality na taimakawa wajen rage haɗari a horo da gwaji, domin ana iya yin kwaikwayo sau da yawa ba tare da lahani ga mutane ko kayan aiki ba.
Virtual reality na kuma ƙara fahimta da koyo ta hanyar haɗa gani da aikatawa, abin da ke sa ilimi ya fi zama mai ɗorewa a kwakwalwa.
Bugu da ƙari, tana taimakawa ƙirƙira da bincike a fannoni masu yawa, domin masana na iya gwada sabbin bincike da tsare-tsare a cikin yanayi na kwaikwayo kafin su aiwatar da su a zahiri. Ta wannan hanya, virtual reality ta zama fasaha mai matuƙar muhimmanci wadda ke ƙara sauƙaƙa aiki, koyo, da nishaɗi a zamanin zamani.
Matsalolin virtual reality
Duk da wannan fasaha masu yawa, a gefen guda tana fuskantar ƙalubale da dama da ke hana yaduwarta a duniya yadda ya kamata.
Tsadar na’urori
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin shi ne tsadar kayan aiki da na’urori, musamman gilashin virtual reality masu inganci da firikwensin motsi da kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi da ake buƙata domin tafiyar da tsarin yadda ya kamata. Wannan tsada na sa mutane da dama, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa, ba su da damar samun wannan fasaha.
Tasirin lafiya
Wani muhimmin kalubale kuma shi ne tasirin lafiyar jiki da hankali ga wasu masu amfani da fasahar. Wasu mutane na iya fuskantar jiri ko amai ko ciwon kai ko gajiya bayan amfani da virtual reality na dogon lokaci, abin da masana ke kira motion sickness. Wannan na faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaito tsakanin abin da ido ke gani da abin da jiki ke ji, lamarin da kan hana wasu mutane jin daɗin amfani da fasahar.
Tsayayyar wutar lantarki
Virtual reality na kuma buƙatar babbar kwamfuta da wutar lantarki, domin samar da hotuna da sautuka masu sauri da inganci. Rashin isasshiyar wutar lantarki ko ƙarancin ƙarfin na’ura na iya rage ingancin tsarin fasahar, har ma ya sa amfani da ita ya zama mai wahala.
Ƙalubalen tsaro
Bugu da ƙari, akwai matsalolin tsaro da sirrin bayanai, domin na’urorin virtual reality na tattara bayanai game da motsin jiki da halayen mai amfani da ita da wasu bayanan sirri, wanda idan ba a kiyaye su da kyau ba, zai iya zama barazana ga tsaron bayanan mutum.
Makomar virtual reality
Ana sa ran cewa wannan fasaha za ta ci gaba da bunƙasa sosai a nan gaba, musamman idan ta haɗu da wasu manyan fasahohi na zamani. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ake hasashen za su ƙara inganta virtual reality shi ne haɗuwarta da , wadda za ta sa muhallin ƙirƙira ya zama mai kaifin basira, yana iya fahimtar halayen mutane da amsa musu cikin hikima. Wannan zai ƙara gaskatawa da sauƙin mu’amala a duniyar virtual reality.
Haka kuma fasahar virtual reality za ta samar da sabbin hanyoyin amfani da fasahar, inda duniyar mai kama da wata da ta zahiri za su haɗu wuri guda. Wannan cigaba zai ƙara amfani da virtual reality a fannoni kamar ilmi da kasuwanci da aikin ofis da sadarwa daga nesa. A nan gaba, ana hasashen virtual reality za ta zama muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar yau da kullum, da za ta taka rawa a ilmi da aiki da kasuwanci da nishaɗi, tare da canja yadda mutane ke hulɗa da fasaha da juna a duniya baki ɗaya.
Virtual Reality fasaha ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci wadda ke sauya yadda mutane ke koyo, aiki, da nishaɗi. Ta hanyar ƙirƙirar duniya mai kama da gaskiya, virtual reality na ba da damar ƙwarewar da ba za a iya samu cikin sauƙi a zahiri ba, kuma tana taka rawar gani wajen gina makomar fasahar ɗan Adam.
Manazarta
Burdea, G. C., & Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual reality technology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience.
Sherman, W. R., & Craig, A. B. (2019). Understanding virtual reality: Interface, application, and design (2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann.
Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2016). Enhancing our lives with immersive virtual reality. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 3, Article 74.
Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73–93.
Bowman, D. A., Kruijff, E., LaViola, J. J., & Poupyrev, I. (2005). 3D user interfaces: Theory and practice. Addison-Wesley.
Jerald, J. (2015). The VR book: Human-centered design for virtual reality. Morgan & Claypool.
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