Yersinia pestis wata cuta ce mai tsanani wadda ƙwayar cuta Yersinia pestis ke haddasawa. Tana yaɗuwa ne ta hanyar cizon ƙwari masu ɗauke da ƙwayar cutar, musamman ƙwari nau’in fleas daga dabbobin da ke ɗauke da cutar kamar ɓera. Annobar Yersinia pestis ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan cututtuka masu haɗari a tarihi, wadda ta haddasa ɓarkewar cututtuka masu yawa a sassa daban-daban na duniya.
Cutar tana bayyana a cikin nau’o’i uku na asali: bubonic (cizon lymph nodes), septicemic (cizon jini), da pneumonic (numfashi). Mafi yawan mutane da suka kamu da annobar Yersinia pestis suna fama da zazzaɓi mai tsanani, ciwon gaɓoɓin jiki, da kumburin lymph nodes, yayin da nau’in pneumonic ke iya yaɗuwa daga mutum zuwa mutum ta hanyar hanci da maƙogwaro. Annobar Yersinia pestis tana daga cikin zoonotic diseases, wato cututtuka da ake samu daga dabbobi zuwa mutane, kuma har yanzu tana wanzuwa a wasu yankunan duniya, musamman inda tsafta da kula da dabbobi ke da rauni.
Tarihin cutar annobar Yersinia pestis
Annobar Yersinia pestis ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin cututtuka mafi haɗari a tarihin ɗan Adam a duniya. An fara taskance tarihinta tun kafin ƙarni na 6, lokacin da aka samu ɓarkewar cuta mai tsanani a yankin Byzantine Empire, wadda aka fi sani da Justinian Plague. Wannan ɓarkewar cuta ta kashe miliyoyin mutane a cikin birane da ƙauyuka, ta haifar da matsaloli a tattalin arziki, al’umma, da kuma harkokin soja.
A karni na 14, Black Death ta yaɗu a Turai, ta kashe kimanin rabi na yawan jama’ar Turai, inda ta rage yawan mutane sosai. Wannan ɓarkewar cuta ta ƙara bayyana yadda annobar Yersinia pestis ke iya shafar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al’umma baki ɗaya.
A karni na 19 zuwa 20, an samu ɓarkewar annobar Yersinia pestis a Asiya da Arewacin Amurka, inda aka fi samun nau’in pneumonic da bubonic. A wannan lokaci ne masana kimiyya suka fara gano yadda ƙwarin (fleas) da dabbobi ke yaɗa cutar, wanda ya taimaka wajen tsara matakan kariya da rigakafi.
A halin yanzu, annobar Yersinia pestis na yaɗuwa a ƙasashe da dama, musamman a wuraren da tsafta ke da rauni ba a kula da dabbobi yadda ya kamata. Daga cikin ƙasashen da ake samun cutar har yanzu akwai Madagascar, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), da wasu sassan Amurka. Duk da haka, cigaban magani, antibiotics, da tsaftar muhalli sun rage yaɗuwar cutar sosai, yayin da tsarin lura da kiwon lafiya ke taimakawa wajen hana ɓarkewar da za ta zama haɗari ga al’umma.
Annobar Yersinia pestis har yanzu tana zaman barazana mai illa ga lafiyar jama’a a wurare masu haɗarin cutar, musamman a wuraren karkara da tsaftar muhalli ke da rauni. Bincike da lura da al’ummomi da dabbobi suna da matuƙar mahimmanci domin rage yaduwar cutar.
Hanyoyin yaɗuwar annobar Yersinia pestis
Annobar Yersinia pestis tana yaɗuwa ne ta hanyoyi da dama, amma mafi yawa suna faruwa ne ta hanyar ƙwari masu ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta wato (fleas). Fleas suna cizon dabbobi masu ɗauke da cutar, musamman ɓeraye, sannan idan suka ciji mutum, suna yaɗa ƙwayar cutar zuwa jikinsa. Haka kuma, mutane na iya kamuwa da cutar idan sun yi mu’amala kai tsaye da jini ko sassan dabbobi da ke ɗauke da ƙwayar cutar, musamman a wuraren da ake sarrafa dabbobi kamar wuraren sayar da nama ko wuraren kiwon dabbobin.
Nau’in pneumonic na annobar Yersinia pestis tana da haɗari sosai saboda tana iya yaɗuwa kai tsaye daga mutum zuwa mutum ta hanyar tari, atishawa, ko maƙogwaro. Wannan nau’in na sa cutar ta zama mai saurin yaɗuwa a cikin al’umma, musamman a wuraren da mutane ke cunkusuwa. Saboda haka, rage hulɗa da masu cutar, tsaftace muhalli, da lura da ƙwari masu ɗauke da cutar suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen daƙile ɓarkewar cutar.
Alamomin annobar Yersinia pestis
Alamomin annobar Yersinia pestis sun bambanta sosai dangane da nau’in cutar da aka kamu da shi.
Bubonic annobar Yersinia pestis
Bubonic ita ce nau’in da aka fi sani tana yaɗuwa. Bayan mutum ya kamu, alamomin sun haɗa da zazzabi mai tsanani wanda ke zuwa da sauri, ciwon kai, jin gajiya da rashin ƙarfi, da kumburin lymph nodes a wasu sassan jiki, musamman a wuyan hannu, kugu, ko kafa. Kumburin lymph nodes, wanda ake kira buboes, na iya yin ja, ciwo, kuma a wasu lokuta yana iya fashewa idan ba a kula da wuri ba. Wannan nau’in na haifar da matsaloli a tsarin garkuwar jiki saboda ƙwayar cutar na taruwa a cikin lymphatic system.
Septicemic annobar Yersinia pestis
Septicemic na faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayar cutar ta shiga cikin jini kai tsaye. Alamominta sun haɗa da zazzaɓi, ciwon jiki gabaɗaya, amai, da hawan jini. Wannan nau’in na iya kaiwa ga lalacewar garkuwar jiki cikin sauri idan ba a samu kulawa ta gaggawa ba, saboda jiki na fuskantar matsalar yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cutar a jini.
Pneumonic annobar Yersinia pestis
Pneumonic tana shafar huhu da tsarin numfashi. Mutane masu wannan nau’in na iya samun zazzaɓi, tari, numfashi mai wahala, da saurin lalacewar garkuwar jiki. Wannan nau’in ita ce mafi haɗari saboda tana iya yaɗuwa daga mutum zuwa mutum ta hanyar tari da atishawa, wanda hakan ya sa cutar ta zama mai saurin yaɗuwa a al’umma. Idan ba a yi magani cikin sauri ba, wannan nau’in na iya kaiwa ga mutuwa cikin kwanaki kaɗan.
Alamomin na iya bayyana tsakanin kwanaki 2 zuwa 6 bayan mutum ya kamu da cutar, kuma kulawa da wuri tare da magunguna suna da matuƙar muhimmanci don rage haɗarin mutuwa da kuma hana yaɗuwar cutar.
Illolin annobar Yersinia pestis
Annobar Yersinia pestis na iya zama mai matuƙar haɗari ga rayuwa, musamman nau’ikan pneumonic da septicemic, saboda saurin yaɗuwa da lalacewar garkuwar jiki da suke haifarwa. Rashin samun magani cikin lokaci na iya kaiwa ga mutuwar mutum cikin kwanaki kaɗan, musamman idan nau’in pneumonic ce, inda cutar ke shafar huhu da tsarin numfashi gabaɗaya.
Duk nau’ikan annobar Yersinia pestis na iya haifar da matsalolin tsoka da garkuwar jiki, inda mutum zai ji gajiya mai tsanani, raunin jiki, da ciwon tsoka. Nau’in septicemic na iya haddasa matsalolin jini kamar rashin daidaiton hawan jini, zubar jini a sassa daban-daban na jiki, da haɗarin gaggawar lalacewar garkuwar jiki. Nau’in bubonic na iya haifar da kumburi mai tsanani a lymph nodes, wanda zai iya fashewa a wasu lokuta.
Ga wasu mutane, musamman tsofaffi ko masu raunin garkuwar jiki, illolin na iya zama masu tsanani kuma masu ɗorewa, har su haifar da lalacewar wasu sassan jiki. Wannan ya sa annobar Yersinia pestis ke ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa daga likitoci don rage haɗarin mutuwa da rage matsalolin da cutar ke haifarwa.
Hanyoyin gwaje-gwajen annobar Yersinia pestis
Gwajin jini yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin farko da ake amfani da su don gano annobar Yersinia pestis, musamman nau’in septicemic. Ta wannan hanyar, ana ɗaukar jini daga majinyaci sannan a sanya a cikin na’ura domin ganin ko ƙwayar Yersinia pestis za ta yi girma. Wannan gwajin na da matuƙar amfani wajen tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar a lokacin da ƙwayar cutar ke cikin jini.
Gwajin ruwan ƙurji
Gwajin ruwan ƙurji (Bubo aspirate / Lymph node aspirate) na da amfani musamman ga nau’in bubonic, inda majinyaci ke da kumburin lymph node wanda ake kira buboes. Ana ɗaukar ruwa daga wannan kurji a gwada shi a dakin bincike don gano kasancewar ƙwayar cutar. Wannan hanya tana bayar da sakamako daidai idan aka yi amfani da ita da wuri.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) wata fasaha ce mai sauri da inganci wajen gano kwayoyin DNA na Yersinia pestis daga jini, lymph node, ko hanci. PCR na bayar da sakamako cikin sauri fiye da wasu hanyoyi na gargajiya, musamman ga nau’in pneumonic, inda lokaci na da matuƙar muhimmanci saboda yaɗuwar cutar daga mutum zuwa mutum.
Serological tests
Serological tests, kamar ELISA da immunofluorescence, suna gano antibodies da jiki ya samar bayan kamuwa da annobar Yersinia pestis. Ana amfani da wannan gwajin ne galibi a bincike na epidemiology ko don tabbatar da cewa mutum ya taɓa kamuwa da cutar a baya, musamman a wuraren da ake yawan samun ɓarkewar cuta.
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) suna ba da damar gano annobar Yersinia pestis cikin sauri, musamman a wuraren da babu cikakkun asibitoci ko ɗakunan bincike. Ana amfani da RDTs sosai a lokacin ɓarkewar cutar domin taimaka wa likitoci da jami’an kiwon lafiya wajen ɗaukar matakan gaggawa na kula da lafiya da daƙile yaɗuwar cutar cikin al’umma.
A ƙarshe, haɗa amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, PCR, serology, da RDTs yana ba da tabbacin gano cutar cikin sauri da inganci, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin mutuwa da kuma yaɗuwar annobar Yersinia pestis.
Magani da kariya
Annobar Yersinia pestis na buƙatar magani da gaggawa don rage haɗarin mutuwa da matsalolin da cutar ke haifarwa. Ana amfani da antibiotics daban-daban kamar streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, ko ciprofloxacin, dangane da nau’in cutar da yanayin lafiyar mutum. Yawan magani da tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da shi na iya bambanta, amma samun kulawa cikin sauri tana da matuƙar muhimmanci.
Tallafa wa jiki yana da muhimmanci wajen murmurewa. Wannan ya haɗa da shan ruwa mai yawa, hutu, da kulawa da abinci mai sauƙin narkewa. A wasu lokuta, masu fama da matsalolin numfashi ko zuciya na iya buƙatar kulawa ta musamman a asibiti.
Kariya ta fi dacewa fiye da magani kawai. Wannan ya haɗa da rage hulɗa da dabbobi masu cutar, tsaftace muhalli don kawar da wuraren ƙwari masu ɗauke da cutar, da amfani da kayan kariya yayin aiki da dabbobi. Akwai rigakafin cutar a wasu ƙasashe, musamman ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari, amma ba a cika amfani da shi a duniya ba.
Rigakafin annobar Yersinia pestis
Rigakafin annobar Yersinia pestis an samar da shi ne musamman don kare mutanen da ke cikin haɗari mafi yawa. Wannan ya haɗa da ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya da ke aiki a wuraren da aka samu ɓarkewar cutar, masu bincike da ke hulɗa da dabbobi ko ƙwari masu ɗauke da Yersinia pestis, da kuma mutanen da ke zaune ko ziyartar yankunan da aka samu barkewar cutar. Rigakafin yana taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, amma a mafi yawan ƙasashe ana mayar da hankali ne kan matakan kariya na muhalli da tsafta, irin su tsaftace muhalli, rage hulɗa da dabbobi masu cutar, da kawar da ƙwari (fleas) masu ɗauke da ƙwayar cutar.
A wasu lokuta na musamman, rigakafin ana amfani da shi tare da prophylactic antibiotics idan an sami haɗarin kamuwa da cutar cikin gaggawa, musamman a wuraren da aka tabbatar da ɓarkewar cutar. Wannan haɗin gwiwa na rigakafi da matakan kariya yana taimakawa wajen hana yaɗuwar cutar cikin al’umma, rage haɗarin mutuwa, da tabbatar da cewa ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya da al’umma sun samu kariya daga wannan cuta.
A Najeriya, NCDC da sauran cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna lura da ɓarkewar annobar Yersinia pestis, suna ba da horo, kayan kariya, da shawarwari ga al’umma da ma’aikatan lafiya don tabbatar da ingantaccen rigakafi da matakan kariya.
Annobar Yersinia pestis a Najeriya
A Najeriya, annobar Yersinia pestis ba ta yawaita sosai ba, kuma yawanci ɓarkewar ta na faruwa ne a yankunan karkara inda tsafta ke da rauni kuma dabbobi da ƙwari masu ɗauke da cutar ke yawan wanzuwa a cikin al’umma. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa wasu jihohi, musamman inda ake kasuwancin dabbobi ko wuraren kiwon dabbobi ba bisa ka’ida ba, sun fuskanci lokutan ɓarkewar cutar.
Rashin tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya na ƙasa baki ɗaya yana sa wahalar tantance yaɗuwar cutar da samun cikakkiyar ƙididdigar masu kamuwa da ita. Sau da yawa, mutane na samun kulawa a asibitoci ne kawai lokacin da alamomin cutar suka bayyana, wanda hakan ke sa yaɗuwar cutar ta kasance a ɓoye a wasu lokuta.
Duk da haka, matakan kariyar sun kasance mafi inganci wajen rage haɗarin yaɗuwar annobar Yersinia pestis a Najeriya. Waɗannan matakai sun haɗa da tsaftace muhalli, rage hulɗa da dabbobi masu cutar, daƙile cizon ƙwari masu ɗauke da cutar, da lura da lafiyar dabbobi a kasuwanni da wuraren kiwo. Haka kuma, wayar da kan al’umma kan alamomin cutar da hanyoyin kariya na taimakawa wajen hana ɓarkewar cutar har ta zama mai haɗari ga jama’a.
Manazarta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 15). About plague.
Faleye, O. (2025). Plague and society in colonial Lagos: Historical impact and public health interventions (unpublished manuscript).
Kwaghe, V. G., Erameh, C., Vongdip, N. G., Edeawe, O. I., Ejike, O. J., Obagho, B. A., … Oga, E. A. (2025). Fulminant Yersinia pestis infection in a known HIV‑positive patient: A case report of identification in Nigeria. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 81(Suppl. 4), S186–S189.
World Health Organization. (2021). WHO guidelines for plague management: Revised recommendations for the use of rapid diagnostic tests, fluoroquinolones for case management and personal protective equipment for prevention of post‑mortem transmission. World Health Organization
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