Central Processing Unit (CPU) taƙaice, ita ce na’ura ko ɓangaren da ke sarrafa dukkan ayyukan kwamfuta wadda ake kira zuciya ko ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta, domin ita ce ke da alhakin karɓar umarni daga sassa daban-daban, aiwatar da lissafi, sarrafa bayanai da kuma sadarwa da sauran bangarorin kwamfuta. CPU na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa duk wani program na kwamfuta ko manhajojin da ake amfani da su na aiki yadda ya kamata. Ana iya cewa CPU shi ne tushen ayyukan kwamfuta, domin yana aiwatar da dukkan umarni da ke ƙunshe cikin manhajoji.
A aikace, CPU yana aiki ne da tsarin lissafi na binary wanda ya ƙunshi sifili (0) da kuma ɗaya (1), waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen wakiltar umarni da bayanan da kwamfuta ke sarrafawa. Lokacin da aka shigar da bayanai cikin kwamfuta, CPU ne ke karɓa, ya yi nazari da sarrafawa sannan ya fitar da sakamako ta hanyar sauran ɓangarori kamar allon kwamfuta (monitor/screen) ko firinta. Wannan tsarin karɓar umarni, sarrafawa da fitar da sakamako shi ne ginshiƙin aikin kwamfuta, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa kowace na’ura mai ƙwaƙwalwa tana aiki cikin tsari daidai da umarnin da aka tsara ta a kai.
Tarihin ƙirƙirar CPU
-
Zangon farko (1940s–1950s)
A farkon ƙirƙirar kwamfuta, babu CPU guda ɗaya da ke gudanar da dukkan ayyukan kwamfuta. A maimakon haka, ana amfani da manyan injina masu ɗauke da vacuum tubes da relays domin gudanar da lissafi. Waɗannan kwamfutoci na farko suna da girma sosai kuma suna zuƙar wutar lantarki mai yawa.
-
Zangon transistor (1950s–1960s)
A tsakiyar shekarun 1950s, an ƙirƙiro transistor, wanda ya maye gurbin vacuum tube. Wannan ya rage girman kwamfuta tare da ƙara ƙarfin aikinta. Transistor ya zama ginshiƙin ƙirƙirar CPU na zamani.
-
Zangon microprocessor (1970s)
A shekarar 1971, kamfanin Intel ya ƙirƙiro Intel 4004, wanda shi ne microprocessor na farko a duniya. Wannan ƙaramar na’ura tana ɗauke da dubban transistors a cikin guda, kuma daga nan aka fara amfani da kalmar “microprocessor” wajen bayyana CPU.
-
Zangon da ke ci (1980s zuwa yanzu)
An samu gagarumin cigaba wajen ƙara ƙarfin aiki da saurin CPU tare da rage girma. An ƙirƙiro multi-core processors (irin su dual-core, quad-core, octa-core) waɗanda ke bai wa kwamfuta damar gudanar da ayyuka da yawa lokaci guda.
Ɓangarorin CPU
CPU yana ƙunshe da manyan sassa guda uku masu muhimmanci: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), da Registers. Waɗannan sassan suna aiki tare cikin tsari domin tabbatar da cewa kwamfuta tana gudanar da umarni, lissafi, da sarrafa bayanai yadda ya dace.
-
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Wannan shi ne sashen da ke aiwatar da dukkan nau’o’in lissafi da dabarun tunani (logic). ALU na aiwatar da ayyuka kamar tarawa, rabawa, ɗebewa, ninkawa, da kuma tantance tambayar (true or false). Shi ne sashen da ke tabbatar da cewa duk wani aikin lissafi da kwamfuta ke yi ana aiwatar da shi daidai da kuma sauri. A takaice, ALU ke gudanar da duk abin da ya shafi ƙididdiga da sarrafa bayanai ta hanyar dabarun kwamfuta.
-
Control Unit (CU)
Shi ne sashen da ke kula da dukkan ayyukan da ke faruwa a cikin CPU. Control Unit na ba da umarni ga sauran ɓangarorin CPU da kwamfuta gabaɗaya kan yadda bayanai za su shiga, inda za su bi, da yadda sakamakon zai fito. Shi ke tsara lokacin da kowanne sashi zai yi aiki da kuma yadda za a aiwatar da ayyuka daga ƙwaƙwalwa zuwa ALU ko wani sashi daban. Don haka, CU na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa dukkan ayyukan kwamfuta suna gudana cikin tsari da jituwa.
-
Registers
Waɗannan su ne ƙananan wuraren ajiya da ke cikin CPU da ake amfani da su wajen ɗaukar bayanai na wucin gadi yayin aiwatar da lissafi ko sarrafa ayyuka. Registers suna aiki ne da saurin gaske, fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (RAM), domin adana sakamakon wucin gadi kafin a tura shi zuwa wani sashi ko ƙwaƙwalwa. Su ne ke taimakawa CPU wajen rage jinkiri da tabbatar da cewa bayanai suna gudana cikin sauri da daidaito a lokacin sarrafawa.
Nau’ikan CPU
Akwai nau’ikan CPU daban-daban waɗanda aka ƙera su bisa irin aikinsu da aikin da ake so su gudanar. Waɗannan nau’o’in sun bambanta ta fuskar saurin aiki, ƙarfin sarrafa bayanai, da irin na’urorin da suke aiki da su.
-
Single-core CPU
Wannan nau’i ne na CPU da ke ɗauke da core guda ɗaya kawai, wato sashen sarrafa aiki ɗaya. Saboda haka, yana iya gudanar da aiki ɗaya a lokaci guda, wanda ke nufin idan an ɗora masa nauyin ayyuka da yawa lokaci ɗaya, yana iya yin jinkiri. Single-core CPU shi ne nau’in farko da aka fara amfani da shi a kwamfutoci na zamanin da kafin cigaban fasahar multi-core.
-
Multi-core CPU
Multi-core CPU yana ɗauke da cores da yawa a cikin na’ura ɗaya. Ana samun nau’o’i irin su dual-core (cores biyu), quad-core (cores huɗu), da octa-core (cores takwas) har ma fiye da haka. Wannan tsarin yana ba wa CPU damar gudanar da ayyuka da dama lokaci guda (multitasking) ba tare da jinkiri ba. Yawan cores yana nufin ƙaruwar sauri da ƙarfin aiki, saboda kowane core na iya aiwatar da wani aiki daban a lokaci guda.
-
Mobile CPU
Waɗannan su ne CPUs da aka ƙera musamman domin wayoyin hannu, kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka (laptops), da tablets. Suna da ƙarancin girma idan aka kwatanta da na kwamfutoci na tebur, sannan suna amfani da madaidaiciyar wutar lantarki don rage zafi da ƙarin tsawon lokacin amfani. Duk da ƙarancin girma, suna yin ingantaccen aiki, wanda ke ba su damar gudanar da aikace-aikace masu ɗauke da bayanai kamar hotuna, bidiyo, da intanet cikin sauri.
-
Server CPU
Server CPU kuma an ƙera shi ne domin manyan kwamfutoci da ke gudanar da ayyuka masu nauyi kamar sarrafa bayanai a cibiyoyin sadarwa, bankuna, da kamfanonin fasaha. Suna da ƙarfin aiki mai girma tare da ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da tsarin rage zafi don su iya aiki na dogon lokaci ba tare da matsala ba. Irin waɗannan CPUs suna da yawa a tsarin data centers da cloud computing servers, inda ake sarrafa bayanai na miliyoyin mutane lokaci guda.
Ayyukan CPU
Ayyukan da CPU ke aiwatarwa suna bin tsari na musamman da ake kira Fetch>Decode>Execute>Store Cycle, wanda shi ne ginshiƙin yadda kwamfuta ke gudanar da duk wani aiki. Wannan tsarin yana tabbatar da cewa duk wani umarni da aka shigar a kwamfuta yana bi ta matakai na karɓa, fassara, aiwatarwa, da adanawa cikin tsari mai kyau.
-
Karɓar bayanai (fetch)
A wannan mataki, CPU na karɓar umarni daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (memory). Wannan umarni na iya kasancewa daga wani program ko daga wani application da mai amfani ya buɗe. Bayan CPU ya karɓi umarnin, yana ajiye shi a cikin registers domin a ci gaba da mataki na gaba. Wannan shi ne matakin farko da ke fara dukkan aikin kwamfuta.
-
Fassara bayanai (decode)
Bayan CPU ya karɓi umarnin, sai Control Unit (CU) ya shiga aikin fassara bayanan zuwa wani tsari da Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) ko wani sashe na CPU zai iya fahimta da aiwatarwa. Wannan fassarar tana canja umarnin daga harshen kwamfuta zuwa lambar binary (0 da 1) domin injin ya gane abin da ake nufi daidai.
-
Aiwar da aiki (execute)
A wannan mataki, CPU yana aiwatar da aikin da aka fassara. Idan aikin yana buƙatar lissafi, sai ALU ya yi amfani da dabarun lissafi kamar tarawa, ɗebewa, ko rabawa; idan kuwa aikin yana buƙatar yanke shawara, ana amfani da dabarun tantancewa wato (true/false). Wannan mataki shi ne ainihin lokacin da CPU ke aiwatar da umarnin da mai sarrafa kwamfuta ya bayar.
-
Ajiya da fitar da sakamako (store)
Bayan an kammala aiwatar da aikin, CPU na adana sakamakon a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko kuma ya fitar da shi zuwa na’urorin waje, kamar allon kwamfuta (monitor) ko firinta (printer). Wannan mataki yana tabbatar da cewa sakamakon aikin da aka kammala yana nan a shirye don amfani ko adanawa.
A takaice, waɗannan matakai huɗu; karɓa, fassara, aiwatarwa, da ajiye. Su ne ke tabbatar da cewa kwamfuta tana yin aiki cikin tsari da daidaito, kuma su ne ginshiƙin duk wata na’ura mai sarrafa bayanai.
Yadda ƙirƙirar CPU ke bunƙasa
An samu cigaba sosai a fagen ƙera CPU wanda ya sauya yadda kwamfutoci da na’urorin sadarwa ke aiki. Kamfanoni masu ƙarfi kamar Intel, AMD, Apple, da Qualcomm suna fafatawa wajen samar da nau’ukan CPU masu ƙarfi, saurin aiki, da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki. Wannan gasa ta haifar da ƙirƙirar sabbin fasahohi da tsare-tsaren microprocessor waɗanda suka inganta aikin kwamfuta fiye da yadda aka taɓa gani a baya.
Kamfanin Intel ya shahara wajen samar da jerin Core i-series (irin su i3, i5, i7, da i9), waɗanda ake amfani da su a kwamfutoci masu aiki da tsarin Windows. AMD kuwa ya fito da jerin Ryzen da EPYC processors, waɗanda suka zama masu ƙarfi sosai wajen sarrafa manyan bayanai da wasanni (gaming). Apple ta kawo sabon salo na CPU mai suna Apple Silicon, wanda ya haɗa dukkan sassan kwamfuta cikin abu ƙwaya guda; misali M1, M2, da M3 chips, waɗanda ke aiki da sauri tare da rage zuƙar wutar lantarki.
A ɓangaren wayoyin hannu, an samar da nau’ukan CPU irin su Snapdragon daga Qualcomm, MediaTek Dimensity, da Apple A-series chips, waɗanda ake amfani da su a wayoyin zamani da kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka. Waɗannan CPUs suna ba wa wayoyi damar gudanar da ayyuka masu nauyi kamar ɗaukar hotuna, bidiyo, da sadarwa ta intanet cikin sauƙi da sauri.
Sabuwar fasahar zamani ta kuma haifar da zuwan AI processors, waɗanda aka ƙera musamman domin gudanar da ayyuka da na’ura (Artificial Intelligence). Irin waɗannan CPUs suna da ƙarfin sarrafa bayanai masu yawa cikin gajeren lokaci, musamman a fannoni kamar sarrafa hotuna, gane murya, magana ta wucin gadi (speech recognition), da machine learning. Wannan ci gaba ya sanya CPU ya zama ginshiƙin fasahar zamani da ke haɗa kwamfuta da AI cikin tsari mai ban mamaki.
Alaƙar CPU da AI
Akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi kuma ta musamman tsakanin Central Processing Unit (CPU) da Artificial Intelligence (AI), domin ba za a iya gudanar da tsarin AI ba tare da CPU ba. CPU ita shi ne ginshiƙin da ke tabbatar da cewa duk wata manhaja ta AI tana karɓar ayyuka, fassara su, da kuma tura su zuwa sassan da suka dace domin aiwatarwa.
A zahiri, CPU ne ginshiƙin AI, domin shi ke karɓar dukkan bayanai a farko daga manhajojin AI sannan ya fassara su zuwa sigar da manhajojin za su iya fahimta. Bayan wannan, CPU ke tsara yadda sauran na’urori kamar Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) ko Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) za su gudanar da ayyukan da aka ware musu. Wannan tsari yana tabbatar da cewa tsarin machine learning ko bincike yana gudana cikin tsari da daidaito.
Lokacin da ake horar da AI model (training), CPU na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rarraba ayyuka zuwa GPUs da TPUs waɗanda ke da ƙarfin lissafi mai yawa. CPU na kula da tsarin gabaɗaya! daga karɓar bayanai, gyarawa, har zuwa rarrabawa. Bayan an gama horar da AI model, idan ana amfani da shi wajen yin aiki kai tsaye (inference), yawanci CPU ita ke sarrafa wannan aiki, musamman idan model ɗin bai da girma sosai.
Duk da cewa GPU na da sauri wajen lissafi da gudanar da ayyukan ƙididdiga masu yawa, CPU ke da ikon jagoranci da kulawa. Wato, AI ba ta iya aiki ba tare da CPU ba, saboda CPU ita ke daidaita tsarin aiwatarwa gabaɗaya.
Ana iya fahimtar wannan alaƙa ta hanyar misali: CPU ne shugaban makaranta, wanda ke tsara yadda malamai za su koyar, yayin da GPU ko TPU su ne malaman da ke taimaka masa wajen koyar da ɗalibai cikin sauri. Duk da ƙwarewar malamai, makarantar ba za ta iya tafiya ba idan babu shugaban da ke tsara tsarin koyarwa.
A taƙaice, CPU ne ke jagorantar dukkan ayyukan manhajojin (AI), ta hanyar tsarawa, rarraba ayyuka, da tabbatar da cewa sakamako yana gudana cikin daidaito da sauri. Wannan dangantaka ke tabbatar da nasarar fasahar AI a yau.
Ƙalubalen CPU
A fagen ƙirƙira da amfani da CPU, akwai wasu manyan ƙalubale da masana ke fuskanta. Na farko, CPUs suna cin makamashin lantarki mai yawa yayin aiki, wanda ke ƙara nauyi a ɓangaren amfani da wutar lantarki da kuma ɗumamar kwamfuta. Hakan kuma yana janyo zafi mai yawa, wanda zai iya rage ingancin aiki ko ma haifar da lalacewa idan ba a samu ingantaccen tsarin sanyayawa ba.
Bugu da ƙari, farashin manyan CPU masu ƙarfi yana da tsada, don haka ba kowane mai amfani da kwamfuta ba ne zai iya mallaka. Haka kuma akwai matsalar tsaro, domin idan ba a ɗauki matakan kariya ba, CPU na iya zama hanyar da masu kutse ke amfani da ita wajen satar bayanai ko lalata tsarin kwamfuta.
Manazarta
Khan Academy. (n.d.). Computers and the Internet. Khan Academy.
Lemonaki, D. (2021, November 16). What is CPU? Meaning, definition, and what CPU stands for. freeCodeCamp.org.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2025, August 8). Central processing unit (CPU) | Definition & function. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Sharuɗɗan Editoci
Duk maƙalun da kuka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.
Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.