Hormones

Hormones su ne sinadarai na musamman da jikin ɗan Adam ke samarwa domin isar da saƙonni daga wasu sassan jiki zuwa wasu. Sune ke kula da daidaito, tsari da jituwa a ayyukan jiki, tun daga girma, balaga, haihuwa, narkewar abinci, yanayin tunani, har zuwa barci da motsin zuciya. Hormones ba sa iya aiki su kaɗai, sai da haɗin guiwar jijiyoyi (nervous system) domin tabbatar da cewa dukkan sassan jiki suna tafiya bisa tsari ɗaya. Sannan ana fitar da su ne daga endocrine glands kai tsaye cikin jini, inda suke kai saƙonni zuwa ƙwayoyin jiki domin su haifar da canje-canje na halitta.

Hormones ne ke taimakawa wajen samar da kwayayen haihuwa ga mace.

Ma’anar hormones a kimiyyance

A fannin kimiyya, hormone na nufin sinadari da wani gland (ƙwayar jiki) ke fitarwa, wanda ke shiga cikin jini, sannan ya kai saƙo zuwa wani sashen jiki domin ya haifar da wani canji ko aiki. Wannan yana nuna cewa hormones su ne harshe na sadarwa a cikin jiki.

Tsarin hormones (Endocrine System)

Hormones suna ƙarƙashin tsarin da ake kira Endocrine System. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi wasu ƙwayoyin jiki da ke fitar da hormones kai tsaye cikin jini ba tare da bututu ba. Manyan glands na hormones sun haɗa da:

• Hypothalamus: mahaɗin jijiyoyi da hormones
• Pituitary gland/master gland: mai kula da sauran glands
• Thyroid gland: sarrafa metabolism
• Parathyroid glands: daidaita calcium
• Adrenal glands: martani ga damuwa (stress)
• Pancreas: daidaita glucose
• Ovaries da Testes: hormones na mu’amalar auratayya.

Waɗannan glands suna aiki cikin tsarin feedback mechanism domin tabbatar da daidaito.

Nau’o’in hormones

A fannin kimiyya, ana rarraba hormones bisa tsarin sinadarinsu da kuma yadda suke aiki a jiki.

Nau’o’in hormones bisa ga tsarin sinadarinsu

• Peptide Hormones: Su ne hormones da suka ƙunshi jerin amino acids. Suna aiki ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da cell surface receptors, wato maɓallan da ke saman ƙwayoyin jiki. Misalinsu shine Insulin, Glucagon, Growth Hormone (GH). Ta ɓangaren aiki suna haifar da sakamako ta hanyar second messenger systems a cikin ƙwayar jiki.
• Steroid Hormones: Ana samar da waɗannan sinadarai ne daga cholesterol. Suna iya shiga cikin ƙwayar halitta (cell) kai tsaye, sannan suna shafar aikin genes ta hanyar shiga nucleus. Misalansu ya haɗa da Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, Cortisol
• Amino Acid-Derived Hormones: Waɗannan hormones suna fitowa ne daga amino acid guda ɗaya, musamman tyrosine ko tryptophan. Suna iya aiki ta hanyar surface receptors ko shiga cikin cell. Misalansu shine Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Noradrenaline, Thyroxine (T4)

Hanyoyin da hormones ke aiki a jiki

Hormones suna aiki ta hanyoyi guda biyu ne da suka fi shahara:

• Surface receptor mechanism: hormones suna haɗuwa da receptors a saman ƙwayar jiki, su haifar da second messenger system.
• Intracellular receptor mechanism: hormones suna shiga cikin cell, su shiga nucleus, su canza aikin genes.

Wannan bambanci yana nuna dalilin da ya sa wasu hormones ke aiki da sauri, yayin da wasu ke ɗaukar lokaci.

Ayyukan hormones a jiki

Kamar yadda ya gabata, hormones su ne sinadaran da ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa manyan ayyuka a jiki. Inda suke taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannoni daban-daban, kamar haka:

• Girma da haɓaka jiki: wannan ɓangare ne ke kula da girma da ƙarfafa ƙasusuwa da tsokokin da ke a cikin jiki.
• Sarrafar abinci a jiki: A nan kuma Thyroxine da Insulin ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa yadda jiki ke amfani da abinci don samar da kuzari.
• Balaga da haihuwa: Inda Estrogen da sinadarin Progesterone na (mata), da Testosterone na (maza) ke da alhakin kula da balaga, haihuwa da ci gaban halitta.
• Yanayin tunanin mutum: Cortisol da Serotonin ke da tasiri ga yanayin hankali da jin daɗin zuciya.
• Barci: Melatonin ne ke da alhakin tsara lokacin barci da farkawa.

Waɗannan ayyuka na hormones ne ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaito da lafiyar jiki (homeostasis), wanda ke tabbatar da cewa komai yana tafiya bisa tsari a jikin dan adam.

Hormones ga mace

Hormones suna taka rawa ta musamman a rayuwar mace. Wanda muhimmai daga cikin sun haɗa da:

• Estrogen: Girman nono, fara haila, da kuma lafiyar ƙashi.
• Prolactin: samar da nono
• Oxytocin: haihuwa da dangantakar soyayya.
• Progesterone: Yana taimakawa wajen shiryawa da kula da ciki.
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) da Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Su ke sarrafa samar da kwayayen haihuwa (ovulation).

Daidaiton waɗannan hormones yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga lafiyar mace, yayin da rashin daidaiton su na iya haddasa matsaloli kamar rikicewar jinin haila, rashin haihuwa, ko canjin yanayin zuciya.

Hormones ga namiji

Kamar yadda mace ke da hormones ɗin da suka shafi rayuwarta, haka shi ma namiji yana da nashi da suka haɗa da:

• Testosterone: Shi ne hormone mafi rinjaye a jikin namiji. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da haɓaka murya, ƙara gashi a fuska da jiki, haɓaka ƙarfi da ƙwayar tsoka da kuma samar da maniyyi.
• FSH da LH: Su ma suna aiki wajen sarrafa haihuwa a jikin namiji, ta hanyar samar da maniyyi a cikin mazakuta.

Bambancin hormones tsakanin namiji da mace

Estrogen da progesterone su ne suka fi yawa a mata. Yayin da testosterone ne ke rinjayar namiji. Hormones ne ke tsara kamar mace ta zama mace, da namiji ya zama namiji, duka a dabi’a da halittu.

Ma’anar FSH da LH

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): Wannan hormone ne da pituitary gland ke fitarwa a kwakwalwa.

Ayyukansa

• A jikin mace: Yana taimakawa wajen girbin ƙwayayyun kwai (egg follicles) a cikin mahaifa. Yana shirya jikin mace don haihuwa.
• A jikin namiji: Yana taimakawa wajen samar da maniyyi (sperm) a cikin mazakuta.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone): Shi ma hormone ne da pituitary gland ke fitarwa.

Ayyukansa

• A jikin mace: Yana janyo ovulation (wato fitar ƙwai daga mahaifa), wannan ke sa mace ta iya samun ciki. Yana kuma ƙarfafa samar da progesterone.
• A jikin namiji: Yana ƙarfafa testicles su samar da testosterone, wanda ke da alhakin samar da maniyyi da kuma mazan halaye.

Hormones su ne ginshiƙan da ke kula da sadarwa da daidaito a jikin ɗan Adam. Fahimtar su daga mahangar ilimin kimiyya na taimaka wa masana kiwon lafiya, ɗalibai, da al’umma wajen gane asalin cututtuka da hanyoyin magance su. Tsarin hormones na kuma nuna hikimar halittar Allah (SWT) wajen gina jiki mai cikakken tsari da daidaito.

Manazarta

Campbell, M., & Jialal, I. (2022, September 26). Physiology, endocrine hormones. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf.

Society, E. (2022, January 24). Reproductive hormones. Endocrine Society.

News-Medical. (2025, March 20). What are Hormones?

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