Insulin hormone ne na sinadarin furotin (protein hormone) da pancreas (Hanji na ciki) ke samarwa. Babban aikinsa shi ne rage adadin glucose a cikin jini ta hanyar taimakawa ƙwayoyin halittar jiki su karɓi glucose domin amfani da shi a matsayin kuzari ko ajiya. Har ila yau, Insulin na taka muhimmiyar rawa wadda rayuwa da lafiyar ɗan Adam ke jingina da shi, wanda rashin daidaiton sa ko lalacewar sa na iya haifar da manyan matsalolin lafiya irin su cutar sikari (Diabetes Mellitus), wadda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cututtukan zamani a duniya.
A kimiyance, insulin yana aiki ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da insulin receptors da ke saman ƙwayoyin jiki, wanda hakan ke buɗe ƙofofin shigar glucose cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka, hanta da kitse. Wannan kuma tsari ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga dorewar rayuwa.
Tarihin gano insulin
An gano insulin a shekarar 1921 ta hannun masana kimiyya Frederick Banting da Charles Best. Kafin wannan lokaci, cutar sikari musamman nau’i na ɗaya tana kaiwa ga mutuwa cikin sauri. Gano insulin ya zama babban sauyi a tarihin magunguna, domin ya ba miliyoyin mutane damar rayuwa cikin tsari da kulawa.
Pancreas da samuwar insulin
Pancreas wata muhimmiyar gaɓa ce daga cikin gaɓoɓin jiki da ke cikin ciki. Tana matuƙar taka rawar gani wajen canza abincin da muke ci zuwa sinadarin da jikinmu ke amfani da shi. Pancreas tana da manyan ayyuka guda biyu wato aikin narkar da abinci (Exocrine function/Digestive function), da kuma aikin daidaita sukarin jini (Endocrine function).
Exocrine a pancreas na nufin ɓangaren pancreas da ke samar da ruwan narkar da abinci, wanda ake fitarwa ta bututu (ducts) zuwa cikin hanji. Exocrine pancreas shi ne babban ɓangaren pancreas. Sannan yana narkar da carbohydrates (starch) zuwa sukari. Yana narkar da kitse zuwa fatty acids. Yadda kuma yake aiki shi ne Enzymes ɗin suna fitowa daga acinar cells, Suna bi ta bututu, sannan su wuce farkon hanji, A can ne suke taimakawa narkar da abinci.
A ɓangaren endocrine, pancreas na ɗauke da ƙananan rukunan ƙwayoyin halitta da ake kira Islets of Langerhans. A cikin waɗannan islets ne ake samun beta cells, waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da insulin.
Beta Cells da Islets of Langerhans: Beta cells su ne ƙwayoyin da ke lura da adadin sukari a jini. Idan glucose ya ƙaru bayan cin abinci, beta cells za su gano wannan hauhawa, sannan su fitar da insulin gwargwadon buƙata tare da taimakawa jiki ya daidaita sukarin jini.
Islets of Langerhans kuma suna ƙunshe da Alpha cells, waɗanda ke samar da glucagon. Delta cells, su kuma suna samar da somatostatin. Waɗannan hormones suna aiki tare, domin kiyaye daidaiton glucose (glucose homeostasis).
Allurar Insulin
Allurar insulin magani ce da ake amfani da ita domin rage yawan sukari (glucose) a jinin mutum, musamman ga masu fama da ciwon sukari. Dalilan da ya sa ake amfani da ita shine, jiki mai lafiya na fitar da insulin daga pancreas, wanda ke taimakawa wajen shigar da sukari daga jini zuwa cikin ƙwayoyin jiki. Amma ga mai ciwon sikari (musamman Type 1), jikinsa baya samar da isasshen insulin ko ma gaba ɗaya babu shi, don haka ana amfani da allurar insulin domin maye gurbin wadda jiki baya samarwa, ko kuma domin taimakawa jiki wajen sarrafa sukari idan jikin ya kasa yin hakan yadda ya kamata musamman ga mai ciwon sikari (Type 2).
Nau’ikan alluran insulin
Rapid-acting Insulin
Wannan nau’in insulin yana kama da insulin na ɗabi’a (natural) da jiki ke fitarwa nan da nan bayan mutum ya ci abinci. Yana fara aiki cikin minti 10 zuwa 15 bayan yin allurar. Tasirinsa yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri, yana kai kololuwa cikin kusan awa 1, sannan yana raguwa cikin awa 3 zuwa 5. Ana amfani da shi ne musamman domin sarrafa hauhawar sukari da ke faruwa bayan cin abinci. Saboda saurin aikinsa, ana buƙatar daidaita lokacin allurar da cin abinci sosai domin guje wa yawaitar sukari a jini.
Short-acting Insulin
Short-acting insulin yana fara aiki a hankali idan aka kwatanta da rapid-acting insulin. Yana fara aiki kusan minti 30 bayan an yi allurar shi, yana kaiwa ƙololuwa tsakanin awa 2 zuwa 4, sannan tasirinsa yana iya wanzuwa har awa 6 zuwa 8. Wannan nau’in insulin yana buƙatar a yi allurar shi kafin cin abinci da wuri, saboda jinkirin fara aikinsa. Yana da amfani wajen sarrafa sukarin jini bayan cin abinci, amma yana da ƙarin haɗarin yawaitar sukari idan ba a tsara lokacin cin abinci da kyau ba.
Intermediate-acting Insulin
Intermediate-acting insulin yana fara aiki bayan awa 1 zuwa 2 da yin allurar. Tasirinsa yana ƙaruwa a hankali, yana kaiwa ƙololuwa tsakanin awa 6 zuwa 12, sannan yana ci gaba da aiki har awa 12 zuwa 18. Wannan nau’in insulin yana ba da insulin na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin cin abinci da kuma cikin dare. Saboda yana da kololuwa mai ƙarfi, yana iya janyo yawaitar sukari musamman da dare idan ba a kula da tsarin allurar da abinci ba.
Long-acting Insulin
Long-acting insulin yana aiki a hankali sosai bayan an yi allurar. Ba shi da ƙololuwa mai ƙarfi kamar sauran nau’ikan insulin, wannan ya sa aikinsa ya kasance mai inganci. Yana samar da insulin a jiki na tsawon kusan awa 24. Wannan nau’in insulin yana samar da insulin na asali a jiki a duk tsawon yini da kuma dare, ba tare da tashin hankali a yawaitar sukarin jini ba.
Ultra-long-acting Insulin
Ultra-long-acting insulin yana da lokacin aiki mafi tsawo a cikin dukkan nau’ikan insulin. Yana fara aiki a hankali, kuma yana ci gaba da aiki fiye da awanni 36, wasu lokuta har zuwa kwanaki biyu. Tasirinsa yana da matuƙar inganci, ba shi da ƙololuwa, kuma yana rage haɗarin yawaitar sukari a jini. Wannan nau’in insulin yana da amfani musamman ga mutanen da ke buƙatar tsayayyen matakin insulin na dogon lokaci.
Premixed Insulin
Premixed insulin haɗin insulin ne guda biyu a allura ɗaya. Yawanci ana haɗa insulin mai saurin aiki ko gajeren aiki da kuma insulin mai matsakaicin tsawon lokacin aiki. Wannan haɗin yana ba da damar samun tasiri nan da nan bayan cin abinci tare da ci gaba da aiki na tsaka-tsaki. Premixed insulin yana sauƙaƙa tsarin allura, amma yana rage sassauci wajen daidaita kowane nau’in insulin daban.
Ayyukan insulin
Ayyukan insulin na faruwa ne ta hanyoyin da suka haɗa da:
- Shigar glucose cikin ƙwayoyin jiki: Insulin yana buɗe hanyoyin (glucose transporters) da ke ba glucose damar shiga cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka da kitse.
- Ajiya a matsayin glycogen: Insulin yana taimakawa hanta da tsokoki su juya glucose zuwa glycogen, wanda ake adanawa domin amfani a gaba.
- Hana Samar da sabon glucose: Insulin yana rage aikin gluconeogenesis a hanta, wato hana hanta ƙera sabon glucose ba tare da buƙata ba.
- Gudanar da kitse da furotin: Insulin yana taimakawa wajen gina tsoka, hana rushewar kitse, tare da kula da daidaiton sinadaran abinci.
Insulin da metabolism
Metabolism na nufin dukkan sinadarai da sauye-sauyen da ke faruwa a jiki domin samar da kuzari. Insulin shi ne babban mai sarrafa metabolism, musamman carbohydrate metabolism, fat metabolism, protein metabolism. Ƙarancin insulin ko rashin daidaitonsa na iya jawo rikicewar wannan tsarin gaba ɗaya.
Alaƙar insulin da ciwon sikari
Alaƙar insulin da ciwon sukari (diabetes) tana da matuƙar muhimmanci, domin insulin na taka rawa kai tsaye a tsarin sarrafa sukarin jiki. Sannan ciwon sikari na faruwa ne idan insulin bai wadatar da jiki ba, ko kuma jiki bai iya amfani da shi yadda ya dace ba. Yadda yake da alaƙa da nau’ukan ciwon sukari:
Nau’i na ɗaya (Type 1 Diabetes)
Wannan ciwon na faruwa ne idan pancreas ba ya iya fitar da insulin gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka sukarin jini ba ya iya shiga cikin ƙwayoyin jiki, sai dai ya tsaya a cikin jinin kawai, wannan yana faruwa ne idan beta cells suka lalace gaba ɗaya, hakan ne kuma ke haddasa ciwon sukari nau’i na ɗaya (Type 1 Diabetes). Idan hakan ta faru kuma ana buƙatar allurar insulin a kai a kai. Sannan wannan ya fi faruwa ga masu karancin shekaru.
Nau’i na biyu (Type 2 Diabetes)
A nan, jiki yana iya fitar da insulin, amma ko dai ba ya isa, ko kuma jikin baya jin tasirinsa sosai (insulin resistance). Haka ma yana haifar da taruwar sukarin jini mai haddasa ciwon sukari, wannan kuma ya fi faruwa ga manyan mutane, da masu ƙiba da basa motsa jiki.
A taƙaice, rashin isasshen insulin ko rashin amfaninsa a jiki shi ke haifar da ciwon sukari. Don haka, insulin yana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da kula da daidaiton sukarin jini.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance shi ne yanayin da ƙwayoyin jiki basa karɓar insulin yadda ya kamata. Wannan ne ke haifar da yawan sukari a jini, gajiya, taruwar kitse tare da haɗarin cututtukan zuciya. Wannan kuma na da alaƙa ne da salon rayuwa, gado, da rashin motsa jiki.
Illolin rashin daidaiton insulin
Rashin daidaiton insulin na iya haifar da matsalolin da suka haɗa da yawan fitsari, jin ƙishirwa, rage gani, matsalolin ƙoda, lalacewar jijiyoyi da matsalolin zuciya.
Yadda ya kamata a kula da insulin
Yayin da insulin ya samu matsala, ana kula da shi ta hanyar cin abincin dai zai daidaita shi, rage sukari da abinci mai kitse, yawan motsa jiki, duba lafiyar jiki akai-akai.
Insulin muhimmin hormone ne da rayuwar ɗan Adam ke jingina da shi. Rashin fahimtar aikinsa ko sakaci wajen kula da shi na iya jefa mutum cikin matsalolin lafiya masu tsanani. Don haka, wayar da kai game da insulin da cutar sikari na daga cikin muhimman matakan kare lafiyar al’umma.
Manazarta
Website, N. (2025, February 25). Insulin. nhs.uk.
Professional, C. C. M. (2025b, October 20). Insulin. Cleveland Clinic.
MedlinePlus (n.d.). Human insulin injection: MedlinePlus drug information.
The pancreas and its functions. (n.d.)
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