Mutane na dogaro da tsirrai da dabbobi a matsayin abinci; ana kiwon dabbobi don samar da nau’ikan abinci iri-iri ciki har da ƙwai, madara da nama, da kuma wasu kayayyakin amfani ko sarrafawa a masana’antu kamar gashi, fatu da ƙiraga da sauran su. Ana gudanar da wannan ɓangare na noma domin bayar da kulawa ta yau da kullum, samar da dabbobi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda hakan ke ba da damar samar da dabbobin gida iri daban-daban, kuma wannan tsari ake kira da kiwon dabbobi.
Ma’anar kiwo
Ana iya bayyana kiwo a matsayin fannin kimiyya ko kuma reshe na fannin aikin gona wato Agricultural Science, da ke da alaƙa da samarwa, kulawa da dabbobi.
Tarihin kiwo a duniya
Kiwo yana da dogon tarihi inda aka fara mallakar dabbobi tun zamanin juyin Neolithic. A da, ana kiwon shanu, awaki, tumaki da aladu a gonaki a ƙaramin mataki. Bayan ƙarni na 18, manoma suka ɗaga matakin kiwon dabbobi zuwa wani matsayi mafi girma tare da ƙara yawan nama, fatu da madara kullum. An kuma fara amfani da nau’o’in dabbobi da dama irin su dawakai, zomaye da sauransu.
Kiwon zamani da ke nufin samar da mafi yawan alfanun kiwon da kuɗi kaɗan ya zama ruwan dare a zamanin yau wanda ke samar da dubban kaji da garkunan kiwo masu cunkoso. Wannan na taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan dabbobin bisa tsarin da ake da shi tare da saka kuɗi mai yawa.
Rawar da kiwo ke takawa
Rawar da kiwo dabbobi ke takawa a rayuwar ɗan’adam za a iya bayyana ta kamar haka:
- Samar da madara: Dabbobi masu samar da madara irin su saniya, tunkiya da akuya su ne manyan hanyoyin samun madara da makamantansu ciki har da man shanu, cukui, yogurt da sauransu.
- Samar da nama: Dabbobi da dama ciki har da kaji, awaki, agwagi, aladu da raƙuma ana amfani da su don naman su saboda sinadarin gina jikin da suke da shi.
- Tsaftace gonaki: Ana amfani da dabbobi wajen hana yaɗuwar ƙayoyi a gonaki saboda ganyen da ya bushe da ke da haɗarin haɗa gobara dabbobi kan cinye su. Wannan yana rage haɗari da barna da za a iya fuskanta. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci wajen kula da ƙasa.
- Albarkatun masana’antu: Gashi da fata su ne kayayyakin da ake samu daga dabbobi irin su tumaki da raƙuma. Idan aka yi kiwon waɗannan dabbobi da yawa, za a iya samun waɗannan kayayyaki da yawa.
- Samar da taki: Muhimmancin kiwon dabbobi yana ƙara bayyana kasancewar tarkacen jikin dabbobi kamar kashi, ƙashi da jini za a iya amfani da su a matsayin taki ko sinadarin ƙarfafa ƙasa ta hanyar dumama su. Ana iya warwatsar da su a gonaki domin ƙara yawan amfanin gona.
- Dabbobi na da amfani wajen share gona, ayyukan soja da safarar kaya daga wuri zuwa wani. Misali: doki, raƙumi da jaki.
Muhimmancin kiwon dabbobi
Kiwon dabbobi na da muhimmanci ga ɗan’adam saboda yana samar da nau’ikan abinci masu ƙayatarwa da kuma gina jiki. Suna cika bukatun kasuwanci na yawan buƙatar kayan abinci kamar madara daga shanu, awaki da raƙuma. Ana kiran su ‘diary animals’ saboda suna samar da madara wadda ke cike da sinadaran furotin da sauran bitamin da minerals.
Muhimmancin kiwo da dabbobi yana ƙara bayyana idan aka yi la’akari da wasu nau’in dabbobi da ke da mahimmanci ga ɗan’adam wajen samar da ƙwai da nama irin su kaji, agwagi, goose, awaki, kifaye da sauransu. Ana samar da su don nama wanda ke da furotin, iron, kitse, vitamin B12 da Zinc. Duk waɗannan sinadarai suna da amfani wajen ƙara inganta narkewar abinci, ƙoshi da rage yunwa. Dabbobin ruwa kamar kifi na taimakawa wajen sa mutum farinciki da lafiya saboda suna da Omega-3 fatty acids, DHA da bitamin D.
Kiwon dabbobi fasaha ce ta kula da gudanarwa tare da samar da dabbobi, kuma babban kasuwanci ne. Ana gina gidan gona ko wuri na musamman domin ba da kiwatawa, ciyarwa da gudanar da ayyukan kiwo. Haka nan kiwo ya haɗa da apiculture wato kiwon ƙwari kamar (zuma-zuma) da aquaculture wato kiwon dabbobin ruwa.
Nau’o’ikan kiwo
Dangane da nau’ikan kiwo, akwai nau’o’in kiwobn dabbobi da dama kamar haka:
1. Kiwon tsuntsaye
Wannan wani nau’i ne na kiwo wanda ke da alaƙa da samar da tsuntsayen gida ciki har da kaji, talo-talo, agwagi da goose domin samar da nama da ƙwai a matsayin abinci. Ana yin kiwon kaji da yawa a cikin muhallin da babu cututtuka domin samun abinci mai lafiya da gina jiki daga gare su. Kiyaye tsafta da tsari yana da muhimmanci a lokacin kiwo da kaji saboda kaji ko tsuntsaye na samar da tarkace da yawa daga jiki. Ana amfani da tarkacen kajin wajen samar da taki ko sinadarin ƙarfafa ƙasa. Kiwon kaji yana samar da dama ga jama’a don samun aiki wanda hakan yana inganta tattalin arzikinsu musamman ga manoma.
2. Kiwon dabbobin madara
Nau’i ne na kiwon dabbobi inda ake kula da dabbobin na dogon lokaci don samar da madara wadda za a iya sayar da ita bayan sarrafawa. Kayayyaki da dama kamar cukui, yogurt, man shanu, cream ana iya samun su ta hanyar gudanar da kiwon dabbobi irin su tumaki, akuya, raƙuma da shanu.
Ana zaɓen dabbobi masu lafiya don kiwo kuma ana duba lafiyarsu akai-akai daga jiki har zuwa hankali. Ana fitar da madara ta amfani da na’ura ko hannu sannan a ajiye ta cikin yanayi mai kyau domin a iya amfani da ita a masana’antu.
3. Kiwon dabbobin ruwa
Kiwon dabbobin ruwa ana kiransa Pisciculture, aquaculture ko fish farming, kuma ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan nau’o’in kiwon dabbobi wanda ke da alaƙa da kiwon kifaye da sauran halittun ruwa kamar prawns, a cikin wuri rufaffe da aka sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata. Ana kiwon su a cikin ruwa da aka tanada kamar tankuna, garkuna na ruwa, dam-dam da tafkuna. Wannan yana ba da damar kiwon dabbobin ruwa da ba sa cutarwa cikin sauri tare da samar da su a kasuwanni.
4. Kiwon zuma
Apiculture na nufin kiwon ƙwari (zuma-zuma) kuma kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin – ‘apis’ wato ƙwarin (bee). Don haka, yana da alaƙa da kula da kuma gudanar da ƙudan zuma domin samar da zuma da kuma wax (kashin zuma). Zuma na da fa’idoji masu ban mamaki wajen warkar da raunuka, rage cutar gyambon ciki, daidaita sukari a jiki, rage matsalolin narkewar abinci, magance tari da ciwon makogwaro.
Matsalolin kiwo a Najeriya
Rashin ilimi da fasahar zamani
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin kiwo shi ne rashin ilimin zamani da amfani da fasaha wajen kula da dabbobi. Yawancin masu kiwo suna amfani da hanyoyi na gargajiya ba sa amfani da sabbin dabarun kiwo ba. Wannan yana hana su inganta kula da lafiyar dabbobi da kuma rage yawan ribar da za su iya samu daga gare su, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da tsarin zaɓin nau’in dabbar da ta fi dacewa da kuma amfani da abinci mai gina jiki.
2. Yaɗuwar cututtuka
Wata babbar matsala ita ce yawaitar cututtuka da ke addabar dabbobi. Cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa kamar ciwon ciwon huhu da cututtukan fata suna haddasa mace-macen dabbobi. Rashin kyakkyawan tsarin riga-kafi da tsaftace muhallin dabbobin yana ƙara tsananta wannan matsala. Wannan yana hana dabbobin haɓaka yadda ya kamata kuma yana rage yawan nama, madara da sauran abubuwan da ake iya samu daga gare su.
3. Tasirin sauyin yanayi
Har ila yau, matsalolin da suka shafi yanayi suna da matuƙar tasiri kan kiwo. Sauyin yanayi da fari mai tsanani na rage samun abinci da ruwa ga dabbobi, wanda hakan ke haifar da rauni da yawan mace-mace. A lokuta da dama, rashin ciyayi yana tilasta wa dabbobi yin tafiye-tafiye masu nisa don neman abinci da ruwa, lamarin da ke ƙara gajiyar da su.
4. Matsalolin kasuwancin dabbobi
Akwai matsaloli da suka shafi harkar kasuwanci. Masu kiwo da yawa ba su da damar kai kayayyakinsu zuwa manyan kasuwanni ko samun kayan adanawa na zamani. Rashin tsarin adana nama ko madara da rashin kasuwannin da suka dace na rage ribar da masu kiwo ke samu. Wannan na sanyawa su rasa ƙwarin gwiwar ci gaba da harkar.
5. Rashin tallafi daga gwamnati
Akwai kuma rashin tallafi daga gwamnati da hukumomin kiwo. Ba a samar da isassun magunguna, abinci, kayayyakin kiwo da horo ga masu kiwo. Haka zalika, babu tsarin inshora da zai taimaka wa masu kiwo wajen kare kansu daga asarar da ka iya faruwa sakamakon macewar dabbobi ko cututtuka. Wannan na daga cikin dalilan da suka sa kiwo ke tafiyar wahainiya a sassa da dama.
6. Barazanar rashin tsaro
Harkar kiwo na fama da matsalar rashin tsaro, musamman a yankunan da ke fama da fashi da satar dabbobi. Barayin shanu suna addabar masu kiwo, suna sace musu dabbobi ba tare da tsoro ba, wanda hakan ke jefa masu kiwo cikin matsananciyar hasara. Wannan na rage ƙwarin gwiwa da kuma sanya wasu su daina harkar gabaɗaya.
7. Cunkoso a wurin kiwo
A wasu lokuta, ana tara dabbobi a wuri guda fiye da ƙima, wanda hakan ke haddasa cunkoso. Wannan cunkoso na janyo yaɗuwar cututtuka da ƙazanta a wuraren kiwo. Idan aka gaza tsaftace irin waɗannan wurare, dabbobi na shiga cikin haɗari na rashin lafiya ko mace-mace.
8. Karancin abinci da ruwa
Rashin wadatar abinci mai kyau da ruwa ga dabbobi na daga cikin manyan matsaloli da masu kiwo ke fuskanta. A lokutan fari ko lokacin rani mai tsanani, abinci da ruwa na ƙarewa ko ƙara wuya, wanda hakan ke janyo rauni, rashin ƙoshi da kuma rage amfanin dabbobi.
9. Karancin likitocin dabbobi
Ƙarancin ma’aikatan lafiya na dabbobi na kawo babbar barazana ga harkar kiwo. A yawancin ƙauyuka da karkara, ba a samun likitocin dabbobin da za su tallafa wa masu kiwo wajen bincike da magance cututtuka. Wannan na sa masu kiwo su dogara da magunguna marasa inganci ko shawarwarin da ba su da tushe, wanda ke ƙara jefa lafiyar dabbobi cikin haɗari.
Hanyoyin magance matsalolin kiwo
- A riƙa gudanar da horarwa da wayar da kai ga masu kiwo kan sabbin fasahohi da dabarun kiwo na zamani.
- A tabbatar da riga-kafi, tsafta, da samun likitocin dabbobi a kusa da wuraren kiwo.
- A samar da dam-dam da tankokin ruwa, da kiwon dabbobi a mahalli mai kariya da juriya ga sauyin yanayi.
- A gina hanyoyin sadarwa da kasuwanni, da kuma samar da kayan adana kayayyakin kiwo kamar firiji da injinan daskararwa.
- A ƙarfafa gwamnatoci su bayar da tallafi ga masu kiwo ta hanyar kayan aiki, bashi, da shawarwari.
- A ƙarfafa samar da tsaro a yankunan kiwo tare da haɗin gwiwar jami’an tsaro da al’umma.
- A tsara kiwo yadda ya kamata tare da rage yawan dabbobi a wuri guda da tsaftace muhalli akai-akai.
- A dasa ciyayi na musamman don kiwo, da kuma a samar da rijiyoyi da famfo na musamman ga dabbobi.
- A horar da ƙarin likitocin dabbobi da tura su zuwa yankunan karkara domin sauƙaƙa samun kulawa.
Manazarta
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). Animal production. FAO.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024. FAO.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Apimondia, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, & Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana. (2021). Good beekeeping practices for sustainable apiculture (FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 25). FAO.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2019). Climate change and land: An IPCC special report. IPCC.
World Organisation for Animal Health. (n.d.). Codes and manuals. WOAH.
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