Noma

‘Noma na duƙe tsohon ciniki, kowa ya zo duniya kai ya tarar.’ Wannan shi ne kirarin da Hausawa kan yi sana’ar noma.

Noma wata tsohuwar sana’a ce da ke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga rayuwar ɗan’adam tun zamanin da. Shi ne ginshiƙin ciyar da al’umma, tushen samuwar albarkatun sarrafawa a masana’antu, sannan kuma muhimmin fanni na tattalin arzikin ƙasashe da dama. Duk da cigaban kimiyya da fasaha, noma har yanzu na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da kayayyakin masarufi. A ƙasashe masu tasowa irin su Najeriya, noma yana samar da abinci, ayyukan yi, da kuɗin shiga ga yawancin jama’a, musamman a yankunan karkara.

 

Ma’anar noma

Noma yana nufin aikin sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa domin dasawa ko shuka amfanin gona, kiwon dabbobi, ko sarrafa albarkatun gonaki don ciyar da kai da kuma samun kuɗin shiga ga manoma har ma da gwamnatoci. A fannin ilimi, noma na nufin nazari da aikin da ya shafi yadda mutane ke sarrafa ƙasa da albarkatunta don samar da abinci da sauran kayayyakin bukatun rayuwa na yau da kullum.

Kalmar ‘noma’ tana ɗauke da bangarori biyu ko kuma ta bayyana abu biyu:

• Ɓangare na farko na nufin dasawa ko shuka amfanin gona kamar masara, rogo, doya, tumatur, albasa da sauran su. Wannan ɓangare ya ƙunshi binne iri a cikin ƙasa ko kuma dasa wasu nau’in shikoki da suke fara da dashe. Babban aikin wannan ɓangare shi ne samar da abinci da sauran kayan masarufi domin rayuwar ɗan’adam.
• Ɓangare na biyu shi ne kiwon dabbobi kamar shanu, awaki, tumaki, kaji da sauran tsuntsaye, kifi da sauran su. Wannan ɓangare yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da nama da madara da sauran abubuwa daga jikin dabbobi daban-daban.

A Turance, noma ana kiran shi ‘agriculture’, wannan kalma asalinta ba baturiya ba ce, ararriya ce daga  kalmomin Latin guda biyu “ager”
(ƙasa) da “cultura” (gyarawa ko reno). Wannan ya nuna cewa noma yana nufin gyarawa da sarrafa ƙasa domin samar da amfanin gona da albarkatu daga cikinta.

Taƙaitaccen tarihin noma a Najeriya

Najeriya tana da albarkatun noma masu yawa, da filaye masu yalwa da suka kai hekta miliyan 91, inda hekta miliyan 81 za a iya amfani da su wajen noma, sai kuma hekta miliyan 18 da aka ware don kiwo. Noma shi ne ginshiƙin tattalin arzikin Najeriya, inda sama da kashi 75% na al’umma ke dogaro da shi. Launin kore a tutar ƙasar ma yana nuni da muhimmancin noma. Tarihin noma a Najeriya za a iya kasa shi gida uku ko zango uku kamar haka:

1. Kafin mulkin mallaka

A wancan lokaci, noma shi ne babban aikin al’ummar Najeriya, inda ake amfani da kayan aiki na gargajiya. Ana samar da abinci da kayan amfanin gona don ciniki, musamman ta hanyar Trans-Sahara Trade da kuma Atlantic Trade. Duk da matsalolin da ba a rasa ba, noma ya wadatar da al’ummar ƙasar.

2. Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1861–1960)

A wannan zamani na mulkin mallaka, an mayar da hankali ne sosai kan bincike da yaɗa ilimin noma.

• 1893: Aka kafa Sashen Binciken Tsirrai a Yammacin Najeriya.
• 1905: Ƙungiyar Masu Noman Auduga ta Birtaniya ta kafa gonar Moor Plantation a Ibadan.
• 1910–1912: Moor Plantation ta zama cibiyar sashen noma na Kudanci, sannan an kafa sashen noma na Arewa.
• 1921: Aka kafa sashen noma na ƙasa, manufarsa ita ce ƙara samar da kayayyakin da ake fitarwa don kasuwar Birtaniya.
• Kiwo ya samu cigaba, inda aka kafa Sashen Dabbobi (1914, Zariya) da kuma ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje na dabbobi a Vom (1924).
• A fannin kiwon kifaye, an kafa hukumar kula da kifaye (1941) don inganta noman dabbobin ruwa.
• 1949: Aka ƙaddamar da aikin Noman Naija (Niger Agricultural Project) don noman gyaɗa da dawa ta hanyar amfani da injina.

3. Bayan mulkin mallaka

Bayan samun ’yanci, gwamnati ta fara sabbin manufofi don bunƙasa noma. An mayar da hankali ga amfanin gona na fitarwa: Cocoa a Kudu maso Yamma, Gyada a Arewa, da Manja a Kudu maso Gabas.

 

Shirin Cigaban Ƙasa na 1962–1968 ya gabatar da hanyoyin noma na zamani, haɗin gwiwar manoma, bayar da kayan aikin zamani, da kuma faɗaɗa ilimin noma.

Tasirin noma ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya

Noma yana da matuƙar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Yana ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga GDP na ƙasar, yana ɗaukar fiye da kashi 60% na ayyukan yi a ƙasar. Haka nan, yana samar da albarkatun da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje kamar cocoa, auduga, da kwakwar manja.

Rabe-raben noma

1. Noman amfanin gona (crop farming)

Noman amfanin gona shi ne fasahar shuka tsirrai domin samar da abinci, kayan masarufi ko wasu amfanin gonar na musamman. Wannan ya haɗa da hatsi, kayan marmari, ’ya’yan itatuwa, gyada, da kayayyakin kasuwanci. Manoma sukan gyara ƙasa, su shuka iri, su kula da shukar, sannan su girbe amfanin. Misalin amfanin gonar sun haɗa da masara, shinkafa, alkama, tumatir, gyaɗa, koko.

Wannan fanni yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da abinci, samar da kayayyaki ga masana’antu, yana kawo kuɗin shiga ta hanyar fitar da kaya, kuma yana samar da ayyukan yi ga ɗimbin jama’a.

2. Kiwo (livestock farming)

Kiwo shi ne fasahar renon dabbobi domin samar da nama, madara, ƙwai, fata ko gashi, ko wasu abubuwan amfanin daban. Misalan wasu daga cikin dabbobin sun haɗa da shanu, awaki, tumaki, aladu, kaji, tsuntsaye, zomaye, kifi da sauran su.

Wannan fanni na samar da nama, madara, ƙwai, fata, ulu, da taki; kuma yana zama hanyar samun kuɗin shiga da ayyukan yi.

Ire-iren noma

1. Noman iyali (Subsistence Farming)

Wannan shi ne noman da mafi yawan manoma a karkara ke yi, inda suke shuka amfanin gona don biyan bukatar iyalai kawai, ba wai don kasuwanci ba. Yawanci filin gonar ba ya wuce (hekta 1–3), Manomi da iyalansa su ne ke aiwatar da dukkan aikace-aikace. Ana kuma amfani da kayan aiki na gargajiya ne kamar fatanya, hauya da sauran su.

2. Noman kasuwanci (commercial farming)

Wannan tsarin noma ne da ake amfani da manyan gonaki domin samar da amfanin gona da dabbobi don sayarwa a kasuwanni na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. Ana amfani da injina, iri ingantattu, takin zamani kuma an fi mayar da hankali kan amfanin gona ɗaya ko biyu. Misali: Manyan gonakin shinkafa a Jihar Kebbi, gonakin koko a Ondo, gonakin kaji a Ogun.

 

3. Noman gambiza (mixed farming)

Tsarin noma ne da manoma kan haɗa ɓangaroriin noma biyu wato amfanin gona tare da kiwon dabbobi a wuri guda domin samun riba ta fannoni daban-daban. A wannan tsari manoma na amfani da kashin dabbobi a matsayin taki. Ana aiwatar da irin wannan noma a karkara da kewaye da birane.

4. Noman sauya wuri (shifting cultivation)

Tsarin noma ne na gargajiya inda ake noma fili na ‘yan shekaru, sai a bar shi domin ƙasa ta huta sannan a koma wani sabon filin kafin a dawo na farkon. Ana irin wannan noma ne a wuraren da ba a cika da mutane ba, ana sare da ƙone itatuwa domin samun filin gonar. Misali: Ana yin shi a dazukan Jihar Cross River da wasu sassan Benue.

5. Noman Fulani (Nomadic herding / pastoralism)

Wannan tsari ne da mafi akasari Fulani ko makiyaya ke aiwatarwa, sukan yi hijira da dabbobi daga wuri zuwa wuri domin neman ciyawa da ruwa. Yawanci ana yin shi a wuraren da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa (arewacin Najeriya). Ana amfani da dabbobi kamar shanu, awaki, tumaki, rakuma. Misalin: Kiwon shanu a Borno, Katsina, Sokoto.

 

Amfanin noma

Noma yana taka rawar gani a fannonin rayuwa kamar haka:

1. Samar da abinci: Noma ne ke samar da yawancin abincin da ake ci kamar hatsi, kayan lambu, nama, da sauran kayayyaki.
2. Bunƙasa tattalin arziki: Noma na da muhimmanci wajen haɓaka kuɗaɗen shiga na ƙasa da kuma samar da ƙididdiga mai tsayi a tsarin GDP.
3. Samar da ayyukan yi: Fannin noma na ɗaya daga cikin manyan fannonin da ke ɗaukar jama’a da dama aiki, musamman a yankunan karkara.
4. Samar da kayayyakin masana’antu: Wasu albarkatu kamar auduga, manja, rake, da dabino ana amfani da su a masana’antu kamar na tufa, sukari, da sabulu da sauran su.
5. Inganta rayuwar jama’a: Noma na taimakawa wajen bunkasa jin daɗin rayuwa ta hanyar samun abinci mai yawa da sauƙin farashi.
6. Kare muhalli: Noma wani tsari ne mai kyau da ke hana zaizayar ƙasa, kare albarkatun ƙasa, da rage gurɓacewar muhalli.

Matsalolin noma a Najeriya

• Sauyin yanayi: Raguwar ruwan sama, fari, da ambaliya na hana amfanin gona girma yadda ya kamata a sassan Najeriya.
• Tsadar kayan aiki da iri: Farashin taki, iri, da magungunan shuka da ƙwari na ƙaruwa fiye da ƙarfin manoma.
• Rashin fasaha da kayan aiki: Yawancin manoma suna amfani da garma da lauje maimakon injina kamar tractors da seed planters.
• Ƙarancin jari da taimakon gwamnati: Karancin samun bashi da tallafi daga gwamnati na janyo raguwar noman zamani.
• Matsalolin tsaro: ‘Yan bindiga, garkuwa da mutane, da rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya na hana mutane shiga gonaki.
• Rashin kasuwanni da wurin ajiya: Manoma kan fuskanci asara idan ba su da wurin ajiya ko hanyar kai amfanin gona kasuwa.

 

Hanyoyin magance matsaloli

• Gwamnati ta samar da lamuni da tallafin noma ga manoma da ƙananan kamfanoni.
• A gina dam-dam da hanyoyin ban ruwa don sauƙaƙa noma a lokutan rani.
• A kafa cibiyoyin horar da manoma kan dabarun noma mai dorewa.
• A samar da tsaro a yankunan da ake noma.
• Gina cibiyoyin ajiya da hanyar sayar da amfanin gona.
• Ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da hukumomi masu zaman kansu a fannin noma.

Kayan aikin noma

Na Gargajiya

• Garma – Don shuka da yin kunya ƙasa
• Lauje – Don tona ƙasa ko yanke abu
• Fatanya – Don cire ciyawa ko noma kasa

Na zamani

• Trakta – Don noman fili mai faɗi
• Seeder – Don dasawa ko shuka iri kai tsaye
• Harvester – Don girbe shuka
• Sprayer – Don feshin maganin ƙwari
• Irrigation pump – Injin ban ruwa

Noma fanni ne mai faɗi da mahimmanci a rayuwar ɗan’adam. Duk da ƙalubalen da ke tattare da shi, yana da tasiri sosai ga samar da abinci, tattalin arziki, da zaman lafiya. Dole ne gwamnati, masana, da jama’a su ɗauki matakan ƙarfafa noma ta hanyoyin zamani, don cimma burin samar da abinci mai yawa, rage fatara, da haɓaka tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa.

Manazarta

FarmRaise Team. (2024). Everything You Need to Know About Crop-Livestock Integration. FarmRaise. 

Rodale Institute, Iowa State University & University of Minnesota. (2019). Literature Review: Crop & Livestock Integration. USDA-funded grant report. 

ScienceDirect Authors. (2021). Role of integrated crop-livestock systems in improving agriculture: benefits and challenges. Science of the Total Environment. 

Chico State Regenerative Agriculture Program. (n.d.). Livestock and Crop Integration. California State University, Chico.  

*** Tarihin Wallafa Maƙalar ***

An wallafa maƙalar 21 August, 2021

An kuma sabunta ta 7 August, 2025

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