Giginya

Giginya ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan bishiyoyi wacce a kimiyyance ake kira Cissus populnea, itaciya ce mai tsayi da ke cikin dangin Vitaceae. Ita shuka ce wadda aka fi samu a yankunan savanna na Afirka ta Yamma, musamman a ƙasashe kamar Najeriya, Mali, Ghana, Nijar, da wasu yankuna na Kamaru da Chadi. Giginya tana da muhimmanci sosai ga al’umma saboda amfaninta a fannoni da dama kamar magungunan gargajiya, abinci da kuma ayyukan gini. Haka nan tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba wa ƙasa kariya da dazuka, kuma tana da alaƙa ta musamman da al’adun gargajiya a waɗannan yankuna.

Bishiyar giginya na girma sosai a yanayi mai zafi da kuma yanayi busasshe kamar yankunan savanna inda ruwan sama ba ya yawa. Tana iya jure yanayin bushewa na watanni da yawa saboda irin tsarin jijiyoyint da kuma yadda take amfani da ruwa. Giginya tana samun damar girma a wuraren da ake samun isasshen hasken rana da kuma ƙasa mai ɗan kyau, musamman ta aminta da ƙasa mai ɗan tsami da kuma wadda ba ta cika yin ruwa sosai ba.

Siffofin bishiyar giginya

Bishiyar giginya (Borassus aethiopum) tana daga cikin manyan bishiyoyi masu tsayi kuma masu jiki guda ɗaya, ba tare da rassa a gefe ba. Yawanci tana kaiwa tsayin mita 25 (kimanin ƙafa 82), tare da kaurin jiki har zuwa mita 1 (kwatankwacin ƙafa 3.3) a gindinta.

A ƙasan koguna da kwaruruwan da ruwa ke malala, musamman a ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka kamar Rufiji (a Tanzaniya) da Tana (a Kenya), ana samun wani nau’i na giginya da ke da kaurin jiki mai yawa har zuwa mita 2.1 (ƙafa 7) a faɗin kirji (kimanin mita 1.2 sama da ƙasa), kuma tana da tsawon da zai iya kaiwa mita 30 (ƙafa 100).

Wannan nau’in na giginya ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bishiyoyin nau’in palm mafi nauyi da girma a duniya, wanda ya kusanci girman bishiyar Jubaea chilensis, wato Chilean wine palm.

Sassan bishiyar giginya

• Ganye

Ganyen bishiyar giginya suna da siffar fan, wato suna bazuwa kamar faifan fanka. Wannan siffa tana sa su iya zuƙar hasken rana cikin sauƙi domin taimaka wa bishiyar wajen samarwa kanta abinci ta hanyar photosynthesis. Tsawon kowanne ganye yana kaiwa kusan mita uku (mita 3), wanda daidai yake da kusan (ƙafa tara da inci takwas). Amma a nau’in giginya da ke girma a ƙasan koguna, musamman a wuraren da ƙasa ke da laushi da danshi, ganyen kan fi girma sosai har su kai (mita 3.7) a faɗi.

Sandar ganyen, wadda ake kira petiole, tana da tsawon kusan mita biyu, wato kusan ƙafa shida da inci shida. Wannan sashi na sandar ganyen yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma yana ɗauke da ƙaya mai kaifi a gefe da gefe wanda ke kare bishiyar daga dabbobi masu cin ganye kamar rakumi, saniya, da tumaki. Ganyen suna da launin kore mai duhu a lokacin ƙuruciya, amma idan suka tsufa ko suka bushe, sukan koma launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.

• Furanni

Bishiyar giginya tana da nau’ikan furanni guda biyu, wato na bishiyar namiji da kuma na bishiyar mace. A bishiya jinsin namiji, furen kan kasance ƙanana ƙwarai kuma suna ɓoye a cikin ƙananan kwallaye  waɗanda ake kira scaly catkins. Waɗannan furanni ba su da ƙamshi sosai, amma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shayar da bishiya jinsin mace ta hanyar iska ko ƙwari.

A bishiya jinsin mace kuma, furanninta sun fi girma sosai idan aka kwatanta da na bishiya jinsin namiji. Kowane fure yana kaiwa kimanin santimita biyu a faɗi, wanda ya yi daidai da inci 0.79. Furannin macen sukan kasance masu launin rawaya mai ɗan haske ko ruwan kasa, kuma daga cikinsu ake samun ’ya’ya bayan an sami jima’i. Wannan bambancin tsakanin bishiya mace da ta namiji yana nuna cewa giginya tana daga cikin bishiyoyin da ke da tsarin jinsi biyu, wato mace da namiji daban-daban.

• ’Ya’ya da ƙwallaye

’Ya’yan bishiyar giginya suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi jan hankali a jikin wannan bishiya saboda girman su da launin su mai ban sha’awa. Suna da siffa zagayayyiya, kuma launinsu yana canjawa daga rawaya zuwa ruwan kasa ko baki-baki idan sun nuna. Wasu lokuta ’ya’yan kan zama masu launin ja mai duhu musamman idan suka bushe.

Kowane ɗan giginya yana ɗauke da ƙwallo ɗaya, biyu, ko uku a ciki, wanda yawanci ake samun ɗaya ne mafi rinjaye. Kowacce ƙwallo yana rufe da ɓawon ciki mai matuƙar tauri wanda ake kira endocarp. Wannan ɓawo ne ke kare ƙwallon daga lalacewa da ƙwari ko ruwa. A cikin wannan ƙwallo ne kuma ake samun sinadarin da zai iya tsiro ya zama sabuwar bishiya idan aka dasa shi.

Ƙwallon giginya yana da launin fari ko ɗan ruwan toka daga ciki, kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗan zaƙi idan aka fasa sabo. ’Ya’yan giginya suna da amfani da yawa a wuraren da ake noman ta, domin daga cikinsu ake fitar da sinadarin abinci, kayan ado, da wasu lokutan ake amfani da su wajen magungunan gargajiya.

A lokacin da ’ya’yan suka nuna sosai, sukan faɗo daga saman bishiya zuwa ƙasa. Idan ƙasa ta yi laushi ko tana da danshi, ƙwallon na iya tsirowa ya zama sabuwar bishiya cikin watanni kaɗan. Wannan tsarin haihuwa ta hanyar faɗuwar ’ya’ya yana taimaka wajen yawaitar bishiyar giginya a wuraren da ke daidai da yanayinta.

Nau’ikan giginya da sunayenta

A fannin kimiyya, giginya tana da wasu bambance-bambance na nau’uka a wasu yankuna, amma mafi yawan amfanin da ake yi shi ne na Cissus populnea. A yankuna da dama, ana kiran ta da sunaye daban-daban dangane da harshe ko yanki. Misali, a hausance ana kiran ta “giginya” ko kuma a wasu yankuna “gininya.” A wasu ƙasashe kuma, ana iya samun wasu sunayen daban dangane da yaren da ake amfani da shi.

Amfanin giginya

• Amfanin giginya a fannin magungunan gargajiya

Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa ake amfani da giginya sosai shi ne fa’idar ta a fannin lafiya da magungunan gargajiya. A shekaru aru-aru, al’ummomin Afirka ta Yamma sun dogara da giginya wajen magance cututtuka da dama. Ana amfani da ganye, rassanta, da jijiyoyinta wajen sarrafa magunguna don:

• Kawar da ciwon ciki da gudawa
• Magance ciwon gabobi da ciwon kashi
• Taimakawa wajen rage zazzaɓi da ciwon jiki
• Magance cututtukan fata kamar ƙuraje da ƙananan kumbura
• Taimakawa masu fama da matsalolin numfashi kamar asma
• Rage ciwon hakarkari da wasu cututtuka masu alaƙa da hanji.

Binciken kimiyya ya nuna cewa giginya tana ɗauke da sinadarai kamar flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, da saponins waɗanda ke da tasirin magani wajen daƙile ƙwayoyin cuta da rage kumburi. Haka zalika, tana da sinadarai kamar antioxidant da ke taimakawa wajen kare jiki daga lahani na gurbatar muhalli da kuma cututtukan da suka shafi tsufa.

• Amfanin giginya a fannin abinci

A wasu yankunan, ana amfani da ganyen giginya a matsayin kayan lambu ko kayan miya, musamman a lokacin da ake bukatar karin sinadaran gina jiki a abinci. Ganyenta na da ɗanɗano mai daɗi idan aka dafa su tare da kayan miya daban-daban. Wannan amfani na giginya a matsayin abinci yana da mahimmanci musamman a lokutan da ake fama da rashin isasshen abinci ko a lokacin fari.

Baya ga haka, a wasu al’ummomi, ana amfani da wasu ɓangarorin shukar wajen yin kayan kwalliya na gida ko kuma kayan aikin hannu, saboda yadda rassanta da wasu sassan suke da ƙarfi da kuma sauƙin samu.

• Alfanun giginya a muhalli da tattalin arziki

Giginya na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare muhalli, musamman a yankunan savanna inda ake fama da matsalar zaftarewar ƙasa da kuma ƙarancin tsirrai masu samar da rumfa ga dandaryar ƙasa. Yadda giginya ke shimfiɗawa da hawa itatuwa yana taimakawa wajen rage iska mai ƙarfi, ƙara yawan danshi a cikin ƙasa, da kuma kare ƙasa daga zaizaya.

Haka kuma, giginya tana ba da matsuguni ga wasu ƙananan dabbobi da tsuntsaye, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaito na yanayi. A fannin tattalin arziki, giginya tana taimaka wa manoma da masu kiwon lafiya na gargajiya ta hanyar samar da magunguna da kayan abinci da ake amfani da su a cikin gida da kasuwa.

Matsaloli da barazanar da giginya ke fuskanta

Duk da irin wannan amfani da muhimmanci na giginya, bishiyar na fuskantar barazana daga:

• Sare dazuka ba bisa ka’ida ba
• Canjin yanayi da sauye-sauyen yanayi masu tsanani
• Lalacewar muhalli sakamakon ayyukan noma da kiwo
• Rashin wayar da kai game da muhimmancin kiyayewa da kyakkyawan amfani da albarkatu.

Sinadaran cikin giginya

Giginya (Cissus populnea) tana ɗauke da sinadaran masu yawa waɗanda suke da tasiri sosai wajen ba ta ƙarfi ta fuskar magani da sauran amfani da ake yi da ita. Wadannan sinadarai na fitowa ne daga ganye, rassanta, da jijiyoyinta, kuma suna haɗa kai wajen samar da fa’idoji da dama ga lafiyar jiki da kuma muhalli.

• Flavonoids

Flavonoids suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan sinadaran antioxidant da ake samu cikin giginya. Suna taimakawa wajen rage kumburi a jiki, kare ƙwayoyin halitta daga lalacewa, da kuma hana yaɗuwar cututtuka. Flavonoids suna da muhimmanci wajen rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da na sankara. Bugu da ƙari, suna taimakawa wajen inganta tsarin garkuwar jiki (immune system).

• Alkaloids

Alkaloids su ne sinadarai masu ɗaci da ake samu a wasu shuke-shuke, kuma suna da matuƙar amfani wajen samar da magunguna masu tasiri. A cikin giginya, alkaloids suna taka rawa wajen daƙile ciwo da rage zafi, tare da taimakawa wajen yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wasu alkaloids na da tasiri wajen sauƙaƙa ciwon gabobi da rage kumburin jiki.

• Tannins

Tannins sinadarai ne masu ɗanɗano mai ɗaci, waɗanda ke da amfani wajen daƙile cututtukan fata, magance zawo, da kuma rage yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a jiki. A giginya, tannins suna taimakawa wajen tsaftace hanji, hana gudawa, da kuma rage kumburi a fatar jiki.

• Saponins

Saponins suna aikin ƙara yawan ruwan jiki da kuma ƙarfafa garkuwar jiki. A giginya, suna taimakawa wajen rage yawan kitsen jiki, rage hawan jini, da kuma kare jiki daga cututtukan zuciya. Saponins suna kuma tsaftace jiki daga gubobi.

• Phenolic Compounds

Waɗannan sinadarai na phenolic suna taimakawa wajen rage lalacewar ƙwayoyin halittar jiki saboda suna aiki a matsayin antioxidants masu ƙarfi. Suna rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi tsufa da kuma cututtuka masu haɗari kamar sankara.

• Carbohydrates da fibers

Giginya na ɗauke da carbohydrates da fibers masu yawa, musamman a ganyenta. Wannan na taimakawa wajen samar da kuzari ga jiki, da kuma inganta aikin hanji musamman wajen magance matsalolin ciki kamar  gudawa.

• Vitamins da minerals

A cikin giginya akwai bitamin da minerals kamar su bitamin C, bitamin A, da wasu minerals kamar iron, magnesium, da calcium, waɗanda suke taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa garkuwar jiki, inganta lafiyar fata, da kuma kiyaye ƙashi daga lalacewa.

Sabbin bincike a fannin kimiyya

A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya suna ƙara yin nazari da bincike kan giginya, musamman ta fuskar sinadaranta da kuma yiwuwar amfani da ita wajen ƙirƙirar magungunan zamani. Binciken na bayyana irin tasirin da sinadaran giginya ke da shi wajen magance cututtuka kamar ciwon suga, cututtukan zuciya, da cutar sankara.

An kuma yi nazarin yadda ake iya samar da ingantattun magunguna daga giginya ta amfani da fasahar zamani wadda za ta iya samar da magani mai tasiri da aminci ga jama’a.

Manazarta

Adjahossou, V., & Radji, A. R. (2018). Notes on Borassus aethiopum Mart., a multi-purpose palm in Togo and Benin. Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, 112(1), 83–94.

Bayton, R. P. (2013). A revision of Borassus L. (Arecaceae). Kew Bulletin, 68(3), 1–14.

Ouinsavi, C., Gbémavo, D. S. J. C., & Sokpon, N. (2011). Ecological structure and fruit production of African fan palm (Borassus aethiopum) populations in Benin (West Africa). Open Journal of Forestry, 1(1), 22–28.

Sinsin, B., & Akoègninou, A. (2018). Traditional knowledge and cultural importance of Borassus aethiopum in West Africa. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 14(1), 1–12.

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