Hukumar Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da ke da alhakin daidaita da kuma gudanar da tsarin shiga manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a ƙasar. Hukumar tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa tsarin neman gurbin karatu ya kasance cikin adalci, gaskiya da kuma daidaito ga duk masu neman ci gaba da karatu bayan kammala karatun sakandare.
JAMB tana haɗa kai da jami’o’i, polytechnics, colleges of education da sauran manyan cibiyoyin ilimi domin sauƙaƙa tsarin neman gurbin karatu, tare da tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da ƙa’idoji guda ɗaya wajen tantance masu neman shiga waɗannan makarantu. Hakan ya taimaka wajen rage wahalhalun da masu neman gurbin karatu da cibiyoyin ilimi kan fuskanta, tare da inganta tsarin gudanar da shigar ɗalibai a faɗin ƙasar.
Mutum na da damar neman gurbin karatu ta hanyar JAMB ne bayan ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya cika sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata na neman shiga manyan makarantu. A tsawon shekaru, hukumar ta ci gaba da bunƙasa hanyoyin gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar amfani da fasahar zamani, domin ƙara inganci, saurin gudanar da ayyuka da kuma tabbatar da sahihancin tsarin shiga manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Najeriya.
Kafuwar hukumar JAMB
Kafin a kirkiri hukumar JAMB, Najeriya tana da jami’o’i ne guda shida zuwa bakwai a shekarar 1974 kenan. Kowace jami’a daga cikinsu tana shirya jarabawarta ne kuma ta dauki adadin daliban da suka yi nasarar cin jarabawar. Ana cikin hakan karkashin jagorancin mulkin Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, a shekarar, sai ya kara kirkirar wasu jami’o’i guda shida (6), sannan sai gwamnatin ta kafa wani kwamiti da zai rika kula da jarabawar ta shiga jami’a karkashin shugabancin Mr. M. S. Angulu.
Bayan haka, sai wannan kwamitin ya bada shawarar da a kafa wasu hukumomi guda biyu, wato; Central Admission Board da kuma Joint Matriculation Board. Gwamnatin mulkin soja na waccan lokacin ta amshi shawarwarin da kwamitin ya bata inda ta kirkiri Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board. Daga nan sai aka kafa hukumar a shekarar 1978, 13th February a karkashin dokar kundin tsarin mulkin soja ta Nigeria shekarar 1978. (Decree No. 2 of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria).
Daga nan, sai a shekarar 1988 watan August aka yi gyara a kundin tsarin mulkin sojan No. 2 decree, inda aka basu iko da damar shirya jarabawar shiga makarantun polytechnics da colleges of education a duk fadin Najeriya. Shi wannan gyaran wato amendments a Turance da aka yi, a wancan lokacin aka tsara shi aka rubuta shi cikin kundin tsarin mulki na soja (Decree No. 33 of 1989, of the Federal Military Government).
Manufofi da ayyukan hukumar JAMB
Babban aikin Hukumar Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) shi ne gudanar da jarabawar shiga manyan makarantu tare da tabbatar da cewa an bai wa duk masu neman gurbin karatu dama cikin adalci da gaskiya. Dokar da ta kafa hukumar ta ba ta ikon shirya jarabawar shiga jami’o’i, polytechnics, colleges of education da sauran manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Najeriya.
Baya ga gudanar da jarabawa, hukumar tana naɗa masu shirya tambayoyi, masu sa ido, masu tantance amsoshi da sauran jami’an da ke da alhakin gudanar da jarabawa. Haka kuma tana tattara sakamakon jarabawa, tana daidaita tsarin bayar da guraben karatu tare da tura ɗaliban da suka cancanta zuwa cibiyoyin ilimi bisa la’akari da zaɓin da suka yi, yawan guraben da makarantu suke da su da kuma ƙa’idojin da gwamnati da cibiyoyin ilimi suka gindaya. Har ila yau, hukumar tana tattarawa da wallafa bayanai da ƙididdiga da suka shafi shiga manyan makarantu a Najeriya.
Tsarin gudanarwar hukumar JAMB
Hukumar JAMB tana karkashin jagorancin Registrar, wanda shi ne Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa (Chief Executive Officer) na hukumar. Haka kuma tana da Hukumar Gudanarwa (Governing Board) wadda ke tsara manufofi da kula da yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan hukumar. Bugu da ƙari, JAMB tana da ofisoshin shiyya da na jihohi a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya domin sauƙaƙa gudanar da ayyukanta da kuma kawo ayyukan hukumar kusa da jama’a.
Nau’o’in jarabawar JAMB
A halin yanzu, hukumar JAMB tana gudanar da manyan nau’o’in jarabawa guda biyu.
UTME
Na farko shi ne Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME), wadda ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun sakandare ke rubutawa domin neman gurbin karatu a jami’o’i, polytechnics, colleges of education da sauran manyan cibiyoyin ilimi.
Direct Entry (DE)
Na biyu kuma shi ne Direct Entry (DE). Wannan tsari an tanade shi ne ga waɗanda suka riga suka mallaki wasu takardun shaidar ilimi kamar National Diploma (ND), Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE), Higher National Diploma (HND), IJMB, JUPEB, ko makamantansu, domin su samu shiga jami’a kai tsaye zuwa mataki na biyu (200 Level) idan sun cika sharuddan da jami’ar da suka nema ta gindaya.
Yadda ake gudanar da jarabawar JAMB
Tun lokacin da aka kafa Hukumar Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), an samu sauye-sauye masu yawa a tsarin gudanar da jarabawarta domin inganta sahihanci, tsaro da kuma rage magudi. A farkon shekarun gudanar da jarabawar, ana yin ta ne ta hanyar amfani da takarda da fensir, tsarin da aka fi sani da Paper and Pencil Test (PPT). A wannan lokaci, ana buga tambayoyi a takarda, sannan masu jarabawa su rubuta amsoshinsu a takardar amsa. Duk da sauƙin tsarin, ya kasance yana fuskantar ƙalubale kamar jinkirin tantance sakamako, ɓacewar takardun amsa, kurakurai wajen tantancewa da kuma yawaitar magudin jarabawa.
A shekarar 2012, hukumar ta fara aiwatar da tsarin amfani da fasahar kwamfuta wajen gudanar da jarabawa. A wancan lokaci, an gabatar da hanyoyi uku na gudanar da jarabawar, wato Paper and Pencil Test (PPT), Dual Based Test (DBT), inda ake kallon tambayoyi a kwamfuta amma a rubuta amsoshi a takarda, da kuma Computer Based Test (CBT), wanda duka tambayoyi da amsoshi suke gudana ta hanyar kwamfuta.
Bayan gwaji da nazari da hukumar ta gudanar, sai aka fahimci cewa tsarin CBT ya fi sauran hanyoyin inganci wajen rage magudi, kare bayanan masu jarabawa da kuma hanzarta fitar da sakamako. Saboda haka, daga shekarar 2015 aka mayar da Computer Based Test (CBT) a matsayin hanya kaɗai ta gudanar da jarabawar UTME, kuma wannan shi ne tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu.
A yau, ana gudanar da jarabawar ne a cibiyoyin CBT da hukumar JAMB ta tantance tare da ba su lasisi a faɗin Najeriya. Kowane ɗalibi yana amfani da kwamfuta wajen karanta tambayoyi da zaɓar amsoshinsu. Haka kuma, hukumar tana amfani da fasahohi daban-daban wajen tabbatar da tsaro da ingancin jarabawar, ciki har da tantance masu jarabawa ta hanyar bayanan halittu (biometric verification), amfani da kyamarori masu sa ido da kuma tsarin sadarwar kwamfuta domin rage duk wata dama ta yin magudi.
Jarabawar Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) ana gudanar da ita sau ɗaya a kowace shekara, kuma miliyoyin masu neman gurbin karatu ne ke rubuta ta. Kowanne ɗalibi yana rubuta darussa huɗu. Darasin English Language wajibi ne ga kowa, yayin da sauran darussa uku suke danganta da fannin karatun da ɗalibi yake son yi a jami’a ko wata babbar cibiyar ilimi.
A shekarun baya, jarabawar tana ƙunshe da tambayoyi 250, inda darasin English Language yake da tambayoyi 100, sauran darussa uku kuma suke da tambayoyi 50 kowannensu. Sai dai daga shekarar 2017, hukumar ta sake fasalin tsarin jarabawar inda aka rage yawan tambayoyin zuwa 180. A tsarin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu, English Language yana da tambayoyi 60, yayin da sauran darussa uku suke da tambayoyi 40 kowannensu.
Haka kuma, an yi gyara a tsawon lokacin jarabawar. A da, masu jarabawa kan ɗauki kusan awa uku da minti goma (3 hours, 10 minutes) kafin su kammala jarabawar. Sai dai bayan sake fasalin tsarin CBT, an rage lokacin zuwa kusan awa biyu (2 hours) domin dacewa da sabon tsarin gudanarwa. Duk da waɗannan sauye-sauye, adadin makin jarabawar bai sauya ba, domin har yanzu jimillar makin da ɗalibi zai iya samu ita ce maki 400, wato maki 100 ga kowane darasi.
Hukumar JAMB na ci gaba da inganta tsarin gudanar da jarabawarta ta hanyar amfani da sabbin fasahohi da kuma sabunta ƙa’idojin gudanarwa lokaci zuwa lokaci. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ƙara inganci, rage magudi, hanzarta fitar da sakamako da kuma ƙarfafa amincewar jama’a ga tsarin jarabawar shiga manyan makarantu a Najeriya.
Adadin makin da ake buƙata domin samun gurbin karatu ta JAMB
Ba a daɗe ana ɗaukar cewa akwai tsayayyen mafi ƙarancin maki da dole ne kowane ɗalibi ya samu a jarabawar JAMB domin ya cancanci shiga jami’a ba. A shekarun baya, an yi amfani da maki daban-daban a matsayin mafi ƙarancin maki na ƙasa. Misali, a wasu shekaru an amince da maki 160, daga baya aka mayar da su 170, sannan aka ƙara zuwa 180. Daga baya kuma an sake rage su zuwa 120 da 140 a wasu shekaru, gwargwadon shawarar da aka cimma a lokacin.
A halin yanzu kuwa, JAMB ba ta ƙara amfani da tsayayyen cut-off mark guda ɗaya da zai shafi dukkan jami’o’i da sauran manyan cibiyoyin ilimi ba. Bayan kammala jarabawar UTME a kowace shekara, hukumar kan shirya Taron Tsara Manufofin Shiga Manyan Makarantu (Policy Meeting) tare da wakilan jami’o’i, polytechnics, colleges of education da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa. A wannan taro ne ake amincewa da mafi ƙarancin maki da kowace rukuni ta cibiyoyin ilimi za ta iya amfani da shi wajen ɗaukar ɗalibai.
Duk da haka, kowace jami’a ko cibiyar ilimi na da ikon tsara nata ƙa’idojin tantance masu neman gurbin karatu, matuƙar ba su saɓa wa mafi ƙarancin maki da aka amince da shi ba. Saboda haka, makin da ake buƙata na iya bambanta daga wata jami’a zuwa wata, ko daga wani fanni na karatu zuwa wani a cikin jami’a ɗaya. Fannonin da ake yawan neman shiga, kamar likitanci, aikin injiniya, shari’a da makamantansu, galibi suna buƙatar maki mafi girma fiye da wasu fannoni.
Saboda haka, samun maki da suka kai ko suka wuce mafi ƙarancin maki da aka amince da shi ba yana nufin cewa ɗalibi ya samu gurbin karatu kai tsaye ba. Haka kuma, cibiyoyin ilimi kan yi la’akari da wasu sharuɗɗa, kamar sakamakon jarabawar kammala sakandare (O’ Level), haɗuwar darussan da aka rubuta a UTME da fannin da aka nema, da kuma sauran ƙa’idojin tantancewa da cibiyar ilimin ta gindaya. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci ga masu neman gurbin karatu su riƙa bibiyar sanarwar JAMB da kuma ta cibiyoyin ilimin da suka nema domin sanin sharuɗɗan da suka dace da shekarar da suke neman gurbin karatu.
Neman gurbin karatu ta JAMB
Domin neman gurbin karatu ta hanyar JAMB, dole ne mutum ya kasance ya kammala karatun sakandare ko kuma yana daf da kammalawa, sannan ya cika sharuɗɗan da cibiyar ilimin da yake son shiga ta gindaya. A lokacin da hukumar ta sanar da fara rajista, mai neman gurbin karatu zai ƙirƙiri JAMB Profile, sannan ya sayi e-PIN ta hanyar hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da hukumar ta amince da su.
Bayan samun e-PIN, mai neman gurbin karatu zai je ɗaya daga cikin Cibiyoyin CBT da JAMB ta amince da su (Accredited CBT Centres) domin kammala rajista. A yayin rajistar, ana tattara bayanan ɗalibi tare da yin tantance bayanan halittu (biometric capture), ɗaukar hoto da kuma zaɓen cibiyoyin ilimi, fannin karatu da darussan da zai rubuta a jarabawar.
Mai neman gurbin karatu kuma dole ne ya tabbatar cewa yana da sakamakon jarabawar kammala sakandare, kamar WAEC, NECO, NABTEB ko makamancinsu, kuma ya cika sharuɗɗan darussan da ake buƙata domin fannin karatun da yake son yi. A mafi yawan lokuta, darasin English Language da Mathematics na daga cikin muhimman darussan da ake buƙata, sai dai hakan na iya bambanta gwargwadon fannin karatu da kuma ƙa’idojin cibiyar ilimin da aka nema.
Bayan kammala rajista, hukumar JAMB kan sanar da ranar, lokaci da cibiyar da ɗalibi zai rubuta jarabawarsa. Idan ya rubuta jarabawar kuma ya cika sharuɗɗan da suka dace, cibiyar ilimin da ya nema za ta gudanar da nata tsarin tantance masu neman gurbin karatu bisa ƙa’idojin da take amfani da su kafin bayar da gurbin karatu.
Da zarar an ba ɗalibi gurbin karatu kuma ya karɓa, zai fara karatu a matakin da ya dace da shirin da aka ba shi gurbin karatu. Tsawon lokacin karatun ya danganta da irin fannin karatu da kuma tsarin cibiyar ilimin, domin wasu shirye-shirye suna ɗaukar shekaru huɗu, yayin da wasu kuma suke ɗaukar shekaru biyar ko fiye.
Kalubalen hukumar JAMB
Duk da irin ci gaban da hukumar ta samu wajen amfani da fasahar kwamfuta wajen gudanar da jarabawa, har yanzu tana fuskantar wasu ƙalubale. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai matsalolin na’urori ko sadarwar intanet a wasu cibiyoyin CBT, yunƙurin magudin jarabawa daga wasu masu jarrabawa, amfani da takardun bogi wajen neman gurbin karatu, da kuma ƙarancin ilimin amfani da kwamfuta ga wasu daga cikin masu rubuta jarabawar.
Haka kuma, yawan masu neman gurbin karatu idan aka kwatanta da guraben da manyan makarantu ke da su yana ci gaba da kasancewa babban ƙalubale, lamarin da ke sa ba duk waɗanda suka ci jarabawa ba ne suke samun gurbin karatu. Duk da haka, hukumar na ci gaba da ɗaukar matakai na inganta tsarin jarabawa da kuma rage magudi ta hanyar amfani da sabbin fasahohi da tsaurara matakan tsaro.
Hukumar Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) tana daga cikin muhimman hukumomin ilimi a Najeriya. Tun bayan kafuwarta a shekarar 1978, ta samar da ingantaccen tsari na bai ɗaya wajen gudanar da jarabawar shiga manyan makarantu da kuma daidaita tsarin bayar da guraben karatu. Ci gaba da amfani da fasahar Computer Based Test (CBT) da sauran gyare-gyare ya taimaka wajen ƙara inganta gaskiya, adalci da ingancin tsarin jarabawar shiga manyan makarantu. Saboda haka, JAMB na ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ilimi da tabbatar da cewa masu neman gurbin karatu suna samun damar shiga manyan cibiyoyin ilimi bisa cancanta.
Manazarta
Prof. ‘Dibu Ojerinde (Registrar/CE/JAMB), Abuja, Nigeria: Using assessment for the improvement of tertiary education in Nigeria: The Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB)
Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board. (n.d.). Mandate. JAMB.
Sahara Reporters (Sep. 25, 2008) JAMB 2019/2020
Sharuɗɗan Editoci
Duk maƙalun da ku ka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta, manazarta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta tare da sa idon kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙwararru. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.
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