Itaciyar kaɗan ya wacce a kimiyyance ake kira da (Vitellaria paradoxa ko kuma Butyrospermum paradoxa) tana daga cikin itatuwa dangin Sapotaceae. Yawanci tana fitowa a cikin yankin Savanna. Asalinta ta mamaye yankin Afirka da ke kudancin Savanna, daga gabashin Senegal har zuwa arewacin Uganda. Wannan yanki ya kai nisan fiye da kilomita 5,000 kuma ya fi kilomita 400-750 faɗi. Wani nau’in da ke Afirka ta Yamma shine V. paradoxa var. nilotica.
Turawa suna kiran ta da suna shea ko kuma Bambara. Faransawa suna kiranta karité, sunan da Wolofawa suka ba ta a Senegal. Tana kuma da sunaye a harsunan Najeriya da dama: Inyamurai suna kiran ta okwuma, Yarbawa kuma orioyo, yayin da Hausawa ke kiran ta kaɗanya ko
mankaɗe. A tsarin noma na gargajiya, kaɗanya tana fitowa da kanta tare da amfanin gona, kuma ana yawaita ƙona daji a shekara-shekara, wanda hakan ke ba jikinta siffar duhu.
A Najeriya, kaɗanya tana fitowa da kanta, wato ba ta kasance cikin itatuwan da mutane ke shukawa da hannunsu ba. Tana rayuwa sosai a yankunan Guinea da Savanna da kuma yankunan Sahel na ƙasar. Tana buƙatar ruwan sama da ya kai milimita 600-1,500 a kowace shekara. Duk da cewa kaɗanya kamar bishiya ce ta daji, amma ta shahara, kuma tana da daraja, domin ana amfani da ita a dukkan yankunan da take fitowa.
Siffar bishiyar ƙaɗanya da girmanta
Kaɗanya bishiya ce babba, mai tsayin mita 10-15, kuma za ta iya kaiwa mita 25 a wasu lokutan. Diamitar jikinta (wato faɗi) zai kai mita ɗaya. Itaciya ce mai zubar da ganyaye, waɗanda da ke fitowa gungu-gungu kamar guda 20-30 a ƙarshen kowace reshe. Furenta na fitowa ne a gungu-gungu shi ma, a ƙarƙashin kowane ganye. Yawan furanni a kowane gungu yana da yawa, wanda zai iya kaiwa 100 ko fiye. Duk da yawan furanni, ‘ya’yan kaɗanyar 3-5 ne kawai ke girma a kowane gungu.
Bishiya ɗaya tana samar da matsakaicin ‘ya’yan da suka kai nauyin kilogiram 15-20 a kowace shekara. Wasu nau’ikan bishiyoyin, guda ɗaya na iya samar da ‘ya’yan kaɗanyar da za su iya kaiwa kilogiram 50-100 a kowace shekara. Yawanci, ‘ya’yan kaɗanyar suna da fatar tsoka kashi 30-40% na girman ƙwallon; kashi 81-84% na ƙwallon mai kama da goro da kuma kashi 45-50% na mai da ke cikin ƙwallon.
Man da ke cikin ƙwallon shi ne man kaɗanya.
Tsirowar ƙwallon kaɗanya yana ɗaukar kimanin wata ɗaya. A yanayi mai kyau, tsirowar na iya faruwa cikin kwanaki 7-10. Girman ƙwallon yana da matukar jinkiri, sannan tsirran shukar na ɗaukar shekaru 2-3 kafin su kai lokacin dasa su. Matashiyar itaciyar kaɗanya tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, shekaru 15-20, wanda ya sa da wuya a shigar da ita cikin gida. Fitowar fure yana farawa ne da kimanin shekaru 20, yayin da samar da ‘ya’ya yana kaiwa matakin balaga a shekaru 40-50. Bishiyar kaɗanya na iya rayuwa fiye da shekaru 200 tana samar da amfani.
Amfanin bishiyar kaɗanya
Kaɗanya tana da amfani da yawa.
‘Ya’yan kaɗanya
‘Ya’yan kaɗanyar na da ɓawo mai daɗi da ake ci, wanda ake amfani da shi kamar mangwaro da sauran ‘ya’yan itatuwa na daji. Haka kuma, ana amfani da bawon jikin itaciyar da ganyenta wajen shirya magunguna na gargajiya da dama.
Itacen bishiyar ƙaɗanya
Jikin bishiyar kaɗanya yana samar da itace da gawayi mai kyau. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun itacen girki.
Man kaɗanya
Man da ake fitarwa daga ƙwallon ‘ya’yan kaɗanya wani muhimmin abu ne da ke bunƙasa fannin tattalin arziƙi, kuma shi ne babban alfanun wannan itaciya ta kaɗanya. Man kaɗanya hadin maiƙo ne da kuma ruwa mai kauri. Ana amfani da shi a fannin magunguna da man shafawa. Alfanunsa ta fuskar maganin sun haɗa da kariya ga fata daga yanayi mai tsanani; warkar da raunuka, maganin cututtukan fata da cin ruwa. Masana harhaɗa magunguna da masana sinadaran abinci a Turai sun daɗe da gane waɗannan amfanin.
Hada-hadar fitar da man kaɗanya zuwa ƙasashen waje ta daɗe da wanzuwa tun lokacin mulkin mallaka. Ana amfani da shi a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin sinadaran man shafawa, man shamfo da kuma sabulai. Yawan sinadarin linoleic acid da ke cikin man kaɗanya ya sa ya zama magani mai kyau ga bushewar fata, dermatitis, kunar rana, tsarewar fata da eczema. Man kaɗanya yana da kama sosai da man koko; ana amfani da shi a madadin man koko a masana’antun yin cakuleti da kayan zaƙi.
Man kaɗanya ya shahara wajen amfaninsa ga fatar jiki, kuma yana da wadataccen sinadarin Vitamin A, E, da F. Ga wasu daga cikin amfanin sa:
- Yana sa fata ta yi laushi: Yana da sinadarai masu danshi sosai da ke taimaka wa fata ta kasance da danshi na dogon lokaci.
- Yana maganin kumburin fata: Man kaɗanya yana da sinadaran da ke rage kumburi, don haka yana taimakawa wajen magance cututtukan fata kamar kuraje da sauransu.
- Yana rage alamomin tsufa: Saboda yana da sinadarin Vitamin A da E, yana taimakawa wajen samar da sabbin kwayoyin halittar fata, wanda hakan ke rage alamomin tsufa da kuma samar da fata mai laushi.
- Yana gyaran gashi: Man kadaña yana taimakawa wajen gyaran gashi, wanda ya hada da maganin bushewar gashi da kuma karfafa shi.
- Yana maganin tsagewar leɓe: Man kaɗanya yana aiki sosai wajen maganin tsagewar leɓe.
Yawan samarwa
Najeriya ce ke da fiye da kashi 50% na samar da kaɗanya a Afirka ta Yamma, inda ake samun bishiyar a jihohi sama da 21. Amma mafi yawanta na samuwa ne a jihohin arewa kamar:
- Jihar Neja
- Jihar Kwara
- Jihar Kaduna
- Jihar Kebbi
- Jihar Kogi
RahotonogiRahoton shekara-shekara na Babban Bankin Najeriya na 1998 da kuma rahoton Ƙungiyar (OSAN) na 1997, ya nuna cewa Najeriya na samar da isasshen ƙwallon na kaɗanya a kowace shekara. Yawan samar da ƙwallon wanda ya kai kimanin tan dubu 373 a shekarar 1997, ya tsaya a haka tun daga 1991. Kuɗin da aka samu daga ƙwallon kaɗanya a shekarar 1995 ya kai (N3,580b), ya fi wanda aka samu daga waken suya (N3.120b), goro (N2.156b) da kuma riɗi (N3.480b) a shekarar ɗaya. Bishiyar kaɗanya amfanin gona ce mai matuƙar fa’ida.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa
Ana sarrafa ƙwallon kaɗanya musamman ta hanyoyin gargajiya. Hanyar sarrafawa ta gargajiya ba ta buƙatar manyan kayan aiki, aiki ne mai wahala da haɗa da yawan amfani da itacen wuta. Ta ƙunshi ɗumamawa da kuma markaɗe ƙwallon, sannan a tace man da ya fito. Man kaɗanya da aka samar ta wannan hanya ba a ɗaukar shi a matsayin wanda za a fitar zuwa ƙasashen waje, saboda yana da wahalar samarwa kuma yana da wahalar adanawa, kasancewar yana lalacewa da sauri. Man kaɗanyar da aka samar a cikin gida ana amfani da a cikin gidajen, wanda hakan ke jawo farashinsa ya yi sauƙi.
Tasirin kaɗanya ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya
- Ayyukan yi: Bishiyar kaɗanya tana samar da ayyukan yi ga miliyoyin mutane, musamman mata a yankunan karkara. Mata ne ke kan gaba a fannin sarrafa ƙwallon kaɗanya don samar da man.
- Kudin shiga: Najeriya na fitar da man kaɗanya zuwa ƙasashen waje, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen samun kuɗin shiga. Sai dai, a baya-bayan nan, an dakatar da fitar da ɗanyen ƙwallon kaɗanya don inganta sarrafawa a cikin gida.
Kalubalen sarrafa kaɗanya
- Sarrafawa: Yawancin masu sarrafawa a Najeriya har yanzu suna amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, waɗanda ba sa ba da damar fitar da ingantaccen mai.
- Lalacewar bishiya: Ana fuskantar barazana daga sare bishiyoyin kaɗanya ba tare da tsarawa ko dasa wasu ba.
- Kayayyakin aiki: Akwai ƙarancin kayayyakin aiki na zamani, wanda ke iyakance ingancin man da ake fitarwa.
- Samun jari: Masu sana’ar kaɗanya suna fuskantar kalubalen rashin samun kuɗaɗen shiga don faɗaɗa sana’arsu.
Manazarta
Africana Skincare. (2024, July 9). How is shea butter made? [Video]. Africana Skincare.
Akoma, O. A., et’al. (2018). Nutritional and phytochemical composition of Vitellaria paradoxa (she–fruit pulp). International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 22(1), 1–7.
Animasaun, D. A., et’al. (2019). Morpho-chemical divergence and fatty acid profile of shea tree seeds (Vitellaria paradoxa) collected from different locations in Kwara State, Nigeria. Acta Botanica Croatica, 78(1).
Choungo Nguekeng, et’al. (2021). The current state of knowledge of Shea Butter Tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertner.) for nutritional value and tree improvement in West and Central Africa. Forests, 12(12), Article 1740.
Vitellaria paradoxa – Useful Tropical Plants. (n.d.).
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