Kwakwa guda ce cikin muhimman amfanin gona da ke daidaita sosai da wurare masu zafi, wacce ta tabbatar da ƙashin bayan tattalin arzikin yankunan wurare masu zafi. Kasancewar ta daga wurare masu zafi yana nuna ɗimbin yawan juriya a tsarin halittarta da kuma sinadarai. Akwai wasu siffofi na musamman waɗanda ke sa kwakwa zama kyakkyawan amfanin gona na wurare masu zafi. Waɗannan siffofi sun taimaka wajen haɓakar kwakwa da kuma kawo kyawawan nau’in shukar ta hanyoyin haɗa barbara ta al’ada da kayan aikin fasaha na zamani. Sakamakon haka, kwakwa ta taimaka wajen samar da ayyuka da kuma haɓaka kuɗin shiga ga mutane daga wurare masu zafi. Duk da haka, kwakwa a yanzu tana fuskantar barazanar kasuwanci, sauye-sauyen al’adu, canje-canje a aikin noma da canjin yanayi.
Matsalar fari tana shafar noman kwakwa a kusan dukkan ƙasashen da ake noman ta, domin galibin noman na damina ne. Ta hanyar International Coconut Genetic Resources Network, ƙasashe da cibiyoyi da yawa suna haɗin gwiwa don kula da kwakwa da kuma sanya ta ta zama amfanin gona mai fa’ida. Bambance-bambancen halittu na kwakwa tare da tallafin fasaha na zamani akwai yiyuwar magance yawancin al’amurran da suka kunno kai da samar da ci gaba ga mazauna yankunan da ke noman kwakwa.
Tarihin samuwar kwakwa
Kwakwa ta samo asali ne daga yankin Indiya da Indonesia kuma ta bazu ta rarraba kanta a duniya ta hanyar kaɗawar igiyoyin ruwan teku. ‘Ya’yan itacen kwakwa a cikin daji yana jure ruwa sosai. Ɗan’adam ma ya taka rawar gani wajen bazuwar kwakwa, saboda yadda take iya samar da abubuwa daban-daban kamar abinci da ruwa. Kwakwar ta yaɗu a yawancin wurare masu zafi, mai yiwuwa hakan ya faru a lokuta da yawa ta hanyar masu tafiye-tafiyen a cikin teku.
A cikin tsibiran Hawai, ana ɗaukar kwakwa a matsayin amfanin gonar da aka shigo da ita daga Polynesia, waɗanda farkon masu tafiye-tafiye daga Polynesia suka kawo wa tsibiran daga ƙasashensu na asali a Oceania. An samu kwakwa a yankin Caribbean da Tekun Atlantika na Afirka da Kudancin Amurka a ƙasa da shekaru 500.
Yankin gonakin noman kwakwa a duniya ya kai hekta miliyan 11.9 tare da samar da metric ton miliyan 9.3 na Copra. Indonesiya tana da yanki mafi girma na kwakwa a duniya, wanda ya kai hekta miliyan 3.7 kuma tana samar da kwakwa biliyan 12 a kowace shekara, yayin da Philippines ke da fadin hekta miliyan 3.1 da ƙasashen yankin Pacific da ke kusa da 607,000 hekta.
Kwakwa wacce a kimiyyance ake kira da (Cocos nucifera L.) tsiro ce ta shekara-shekara wadda ke haihuwa ‘ya’ya har zuwa tsawon shekaru 60 zuwa 70, sau 12 zuwa 13 a shekara, tana samar da tsakanin ‘ya’yan itace 30 zuwa 75 a shekara. ‘Ya’yan itacen, a cikin nau’in ƙwallo wanda ke tsiro a kan bishiyoyi masu tsayi daban-daban dangane da nau’in kwakwa, babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga ce ga manoma da ƙasashe da dama a gabas mai nisa, musamman, inda ake amfani da ita ta hanyoyi daban-daban da kuma fitar da ita zuwa wasu ƙasashe na duniya.
Amfanin kwakwa
Bishiyar kwakwa tana da fa’idoji iri-iri, saboda dukkan sassan shukar kwakwa ana iya amfani da su a matsayin abinci da albarkatun sarrafawa a masana’antu. An fara daga tushen, mai tushe, tsaka-tsaki, ganye/sanduna, spadix, coir, harsashi, da ruwan kwakwa da ƙari naman kwakwa, dukkansu na iya samarwa ko ƙara ƙarin ƙima. Saboda haka, ana yiwa itacen kwakwa laqabi da itacen rai.
Kwakwa tana da amfani da yawa, wanda suka haɗa da samar da abin ci da mai ga miliyoyi mutane da kayan ado. Kalmar kwakwa na nufin gabaɗayan bishiyar kwakwar ko iri ko ‘ya’yan itacen, wanda, a zahiri ƙwallo ne, ba ƙwaya ba. Kwakwa na cikin dangin bishiyu na (Palmae ko Arecaceae), a kimiyyance wanda ke da kusan nau’ika 2800.
Bishiyar kwakwa muhimmiyar bishiya ce a wurare masu zafi wadda ke tallafa wa miliyoyin mutane a yankin gaɓar teku da tsibiri don gudanar rayuwarsu. Mutane a ƙasashe sama da 93 suna ci gaba dalilin noman kwakwa da sana’o’i masu alaƙa. Ana amfani da man da ke jikinta, da sunadarai iri daban-daban. Ana yin amfani da sinadarin inflorescence da bishiyar kwakwa ke samarwa wajen magance matsalolin lafiya daban-daban a duk ƙasashen da suke noman kwakwa a duniya. Kwakwa ba ta misaltuwa ta fuskar amfani da kowane ɓangare nata ke yi ga bunƙasa tattalin arziki.
Kodayake ana kiranta itacen rai, ƙwallon kwakwa shi ne abin da aka fi amfani da shi. A Indonesiya, ana sarrafa ƙwallon kwakwa zuwa ɗanyen man kwakwa da kwakwar da ba ta daɗe, da madarar kwakwa. Ƙwallon kwakwa yana da ingantaccen tsarin abinci mai gina jiki, musamman tana ƙunshe da matsakaicin sinadarin fatty acids (MCFAs), wanda ya fi sauran nau’ikan kayayyaki masu samar da maiƙo. Bayan haka, yana ɗauke da sinadarin protein da fiber na abinci waɗanda suke da matukar amfani ga lafiya. Don haka, kwakwa, baya ga yadda ake amfani da ita a matsayin ɗanyen man girki, ana da damar sarrafa ta zuwa nau’ikan abin ci daban-daban.
Babban abin da ke da fa’idojin kiwon lafiya dangane da kwakwa shi ne man kwakwa daga jikin matashiyar kwakwa wanda ake kira da (VCO). VCO shi ne mafi kyawun nau’in man kwakwa, kuma ba shi da launi, yana haske kamar ruwa. Ƙungiyar ‘The Asian Pacific Coconut Community (APCC)’ a cikin 2003 ta ayyana VCO a matsayin man da ake samarwa daga tsokar kwakwa ta hanyar inji ba tare da sauyi ko lalacewa ba. Tsarin tatsar VCO bai ƙunshi amfani da sinadarai ba, ko yanayin zafi na musamman ko kuma hasken ultraviolet, don haka yana da fa’ida sosai saboda duk sinadaran da ke aikin inganta lafiya kamar antioxidants, bitamin, da polyphenols suna cikin man. VCO shi ne mafi kyawun man kayan lambu, kuma ana iya amfani da shi don buƙatu daban-daban kamar abinci, abin sha, magunguna, kayan abinci masu gina jiki, da kayan kwalliya.
Baya ga sauran fa’idoji da yawa waɗanda bishiyar da ‘ya’yan itace za a iya amfani da su, babban buƙatar kwakwa tana samuwa ne ta hanyar amfani da ruwan cikin ƙwallon domin sha. Manoman gabaɗaya suna girbe ƙwallon a lokacin da ya kai kimanin watanni 9, lokacin da jelly bai wuce 0.5-cm ba, mai laushi da haske; bayan watanni 9, jelly yakan yi tauri kuma yawan ruwan ya fara raguwa. Ruwan ‘ya’yan itacen, wanda aka fi sani da ruwan kwakwa, an ruwaito yana ƙunshe da nau’ikan sinadaran electrolytes kamar jikin ɗan’adam, don haka yana iya kasancewa mai amfani a matsayin abin sha ga ‘yan wasan motsa jiki da kuma masu aiki. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaruwar buƙatar wannan ruwa cikin sauri a duniya, duk da cewa tsokar kwakwar har yanzu ita ce mafi girman albarkatun kwakwa a kasuwannin duniya. Ruwan kwakwa a yanzu ana tattara shi kuma ana sayar da shi a kasuwanni daban-daban a matsayin abin sha marar lahani, kodayake yawan masu sarrafawa suna neman hanyoyi daban-daban don tsawaita lokacin da ruwan zai ɗauka bai lalace ba tare da mayar ruwan ya zama karɓaɓɓe ga kowa.
Nau’ikan bishiyar kwakwa
Bishiyar kwakwa na da nau’i biyu, akwai doguwa da kuma gajera, kuma kowacce na da siffofin da suka sa ta zama mai ban sha’awa a wurare daban-daban. Dogayen bishiyar irin su Sri Lanka ko tsayin Afirka ta Yamma na iya girma har zuwa tsayin mita 25 zuwa 30, yayin da gajerun, kamar Malayan dwarf yawanci ba sa wuce tsayin mita 4 zuwa 8. Ana amfani da ita sosai don dalilai na ado a wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido a duniya. Ana amfani da ganyenta wajen yin saƙa, ɓawon ƙwallon wajen yin kayan ado da kunna wuta a matsayin garwashi da ɓangarorinta wajen yin ƙulli, tabarmi, da tsintsiya, da dai sauran su.
Adadin samar da kwakwa
Dangane da samar da kwakwa, yankin Asiya ya mamaye kasuwar da kashi 83%. Sauran yankuna sun haɗa da Amurka da kashi 8.7%, Oceania na da kashi 4.8%, sai kuma nahiyar Afirka da da kashi (3.4%). Ƙasashe biyar da suka fi fitar da kwakwa su ne Indonesia a matsayin manyan masu noma (ton miliyan 18), sai Philippines (ton miliyan 15), Indiya (ton miliyan 11), Brazil (ton miliyan 4), da Sri Lanka (ton miliyan 2). A cikin shekarun 2000 zuwa 2013, yankin Oceania ya nuna mafi girman haɓakar samarwa, inda ya samar da ƙarin kashi 4.6%; Asiya ta biyo baya da ƙarin kashi 1.5%, Amurkawa da ƙarin kashi 1.1%, sai Afirka kuma da ƙarin kashi 0.7%.
A cikin shekarar 2013, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Malaysia, da Thailand su ne manyan ƙasashen da aka fitar da kwakwa a duniya, an fitar da kwakwa daga ton 50,000 zuwa 230,000. China, Amurka, Thailand, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Tarayyar Turai su ne manyan ƙasashen da suke shigar da kwakwa ƙasashensu a shekarar 2013 daga tan 32,000 zuwa 188,000. A yankin Caribbean, jimillar noman kwakwa ya kai kusan tan 75,000, kwakwa ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan kayayyaki bayan rake a Jamaica, wanda ta kai kimanin tan 240,000. Dangane da ƙimar fitar da kwakwa, ƙasashe daga gabas mai nisa sun kasance cikin manyan masu fitar da ita tare da Indonesia, Thailand, India, da Vietnam waɗanda ke da sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 200 a fitarwar da suka yi a cikin shekarar 2014.
Manazarta
corey@savarddigital.com. (2024, November 3). Palm Trees vs Coconut Trees: What’s the Difference? Grace Foods Canada.
DiGiacinto, J. (2023, February 14). 7 Science-Based Health benefits of coconut water. Healthline.
Migala, J. (2025b, March 31). Coconut 101: nutrition, benefits, cooking ideas, more. EverydayHealth.com.
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Duk maƙalun da kuka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.
Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.
