Rogo ya samo asali ne daga wurare masu zafi da ruwan sama, saboda haka, yawan amfanin gonar ba shi da kyau a ƙarƙashin busasshen yanayi. Duk da haka, rogo na ɗaya daga cikin amfanin gona mafi jure yanayin fari, kuma yana daga cikin abinci masu mahimmanci a wuraren da fari ke faruwa. Rogo yana ƙunshe da sinadarin cyanogenic wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiya lokacin da aka ci shi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. A lokacin fari, rogo sau da yawa shi ne kawai amfanin gonar da ke iya tsirowa da ɗanɗano, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin rogo na ƙara bunƙasa a cikin irin waɗannan lokuta a sakamakon yanayin damuwa da shukar ke ciki. Wani ƙarin ƙuntatawa ga wannan shuka shi ne, rogo ba shi da sinadarin furotin, don haka dogaro da abincin da ke samuwa daga rogo na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiya.
Rogo ya kasance amfanin gona da ake amfani da shi musamman a inda ake noma shi, ba a cika yin la’akari da shi don cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa ba saboda dalilan da ke hana adana shi na dogon lokaci da ɗawainiyar sufuri mai tsawo. Sai dai sakamakon cigaban fasahar zamani, wannan dalilai suna canjawa a yanzu, kuma nau’ikan rogo da dama sun zama muhimman kayayyakin fitarwa zuwa wasu ƙasashe, musamman Thailand.
Tarihin asalin rogo
Rogo wanda a kimiyyance ake kira da (Manihot esculenta Crantz), ya samo asali ne daga Kudancin Amurka, nau’in shuka ce wacce ake nomawa sosai a matsayin amfanin gona na shekara-shekara a yawancin wurare masu zafi da wurare masu ruwan sama. Rogo na cikin nau’in abinci mai saiwoyi kuma shi ne babban tushen samuwar sinadarin carbohydrates a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Shukar rogo tana jure yanayin fari sosai kuma tana bunƙasa cikin har a cikin ƙasa marar kyau. A yau, ana shuka shukar a Afirka, Asiya, Caribbean, da yankin Latin Amurka, tare da fa’idojin tattalin arziki da tsaro. Afirka ita ce nahiya mafi girma da ake noman rogo a duniya. Hukumar FAO ta ruwaito cewa rogo shi ne na uku mafi yawa a tushen abinci mai ɗauke da sinadarin carbohydrate a wurare masu zafi, bayan shinkafa da masara. Akwai nau’i biyu na rogo, “mai daɗi” da “daci”.
Ana dashen rogo ta hanyar yanko wani babban tushe a datsa shi zuwa sassa masu tsayin kusan kimanin santimita 15, a kuma dasa su kafin lokacin damina. Waɗannan dashe-dashe suna buƙatar isasshen danshi a cikin watanni 2 zuwa 3 na farko, amma daga baya suna jure yanayin fari ko ƙarancin ruwa. Ana girbe saiwar bayan watanni 6 zuwa 12 kuma ana iya girbe su a kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 2 masu zuwa bayan dashen.
Zuwan rogo nahiyar Afirka da wasu wuraren
An fara kawo rogo zuwa Afirka a farkon shekarar 1558 ta hanyar Turawan Portugal, kuma cikin sauri ya bazu zuwa Angola, Zaire (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a halin yanzu), Gabon, sannan daga baya ya iso yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Haka zalika Turawan na ƙasar Portugal sun kai rogo zuwa ƙasar Indiya a ƙarni na sha bakwai. A kusan shekarar 1850, aka kai shi zuwa Java, Singapore, Malaya (Malaysia a halin yanzu), da Kudancin Pacific a farkon rabin karni na sha tara.
Samarwa da sarrafawa
Kamar yadda aka bayyana rogo kayan amfanin gona ne na shekara-shekara wanda ya samo asali daga Kudancin Amurka ya bazu zuwa Afirka, Indiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Pacific. A shekara ta 2010, jimullar samar da wannan amfanin gona ya kai ton miliyan 230 a duk faɗin duniya. Najeriya ce ta fi kowace ƙasa samar da shi, inda take da tan miliyan 37, sai Brazil, da Indonesia, da Thailand masu biye mata. Sinadarin ruwa da ke cikin saiwar rogon ta bambanta da kusan kashi 65%. Busassun sinadarai su ne yawanci ke zama sitaci (starch), wanda ya ƙunshi amylose kashi (20%) da amylopectine kashi (80%). Sinadaran furotin a cikin rogo ba su da yawa, sun yi ƙaranci sosai, watau bai fi kashi 1.5 zuwa 4.7 %.
Tasirin rogo ga tattalin arziki da lafiya
Saiwar rogo
A duniya baki ɗaya, a halin yanzu ana samar da kusan tan miliyan 200 na rogo, wanda kashi 51% ana samar da shi ne a nahiyar Afirka, kashi 34% a Asiya, da kashi 15% a yankin Latin Amurka. Duk da cewa Afirka ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da rogo, Thailand ita ce ke kan gaba wajen fitar da rogo zuwa ƙasashen waje, inda akasarin rogon da ake fitarwa ke tafiya zuwa ƙasashen EU, wanda ya tasarwa kashi 80% na kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su a cikin nau’in busasshen rogo. Ana samar da irin waɗannan abubuwa da farko daga rogo mai ɗaci, wanda daga ciki ake cire babban adadi na sinadarin glucosides da cyanogenic ta hanyar sarrafawa. Cinikayyar na ƙasa da ƙasa ta rogo mai kyau ta kasance a iyakance ga ƙasashe maƙwabta saboda nauyin dakon rogon da kuma lalacewar shi, wanda hakan ke sanya shi zama kaya mai haɗarin kasuwanci, marar dacewa, kuma tsada.
Farashin rogo a kasuwar ƙasa da ƙasa yana hawa da sauka sosai saboda manufofin ciniki kamar ƙayyade adadin yawan kaya da farashin hatsi, da masara. Mafi yawan rogon da ake nomawa a Afirka ana cinye shi ne a matsayin abinci. Haka kuma shi ne hanyar samun kuɗin shiga ta fuskar aikin gona, bayan an sayar da shi ga ƙasashen da ke maƙwabtaka da ƙasashen da ke da ƙarancin damar cinikayyar shi a kasuwar ƙasa da ƙasa. Har ila yau, an ƙididdige rogo a matsayin tushen samar da man fetur a wasu ƙasashe.
Ganyen rogo
Ganyen rogo yana da sinadaran gina jiki sosai kuma yana da kyakkyawan tushen sinadarin furotin idan aka kwatanta da saiwar. Ganyen ya ƙunshi ɗanyen furotin da madaidaicin sinadarin amino acid kwatankwacin farin da ke cikin ƙwai. Ganyen rogo yana da wadatar sinadaran; zinc, ion, manganese, magnesium, calcium, bitamin B1 da B2, da carotenoids. Don haka cin ganyen rogo da saiwoyinsa na iya biyan cikakkiyar buƙatar abin da ake ci dangane da adadin sinadaran carbohydrates, furotin, minerals, da bitamin idan an haɗa su da wani sinadarin sulfur mai ɗauke da furotin da wadataccen amino acid.
Sinadarai masu cutarwa a cikin rogo
Saiwar rogo da ganyen sun zama abubuwan da ake yawan buƙata a wurare masu zafi da masu ruwan sama da ake su. Dukansu, da ganye da saiwar rogon sun ƙunshi sinadaran cyanogenic glucosides,
linamarin, da Loaustralin, waɗanda ba wai kawai suna ba da kariya daga dabbobi masu cin shuka ba ne, har ma suna mayar da shukar rogon ta zama mai guba da cutarwa ga ɗan’adam idan aka ci ba tare da ingantaccen gyara da sarrafawa ba, kamar matsewa da busarwa.
Sinadarin Linamarin yana da kashi 95% da lotaustralin kashi 5% na jimlar sinadarin cyanogen a cikin rogo, wanda ya haɗa da linamarin da ke cikin dukkan tantanin rogo. Cyanogenic glucosides ba a raba su kai ɗaya a cikin tantani daban-daban na rogo ba. Mafi girman adadi na glucosides cyanogenic yawanci ana samun su a cikin ɓawon rogo kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin tsakiyar ramin rogon; ganyen yakan ƙunshi babban kaso. Sarrafa rogo don ci na iya zama ƙalubale saboda sinadaran linamarin da loaustralin, waɗanda idan suka haɗu da sinadarin enzyme, sukan fitar da hydrocyanic acid (HCN), mai cutarwa ga mutane.
Rogo mai zaƙi ya ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin cyanogenic glucosides sau 50 fiye da rogo mai ɗaci, wanda ke ƙaruwa sosai a cikin rogo mai ɗaci, musamman idan ya girma cikin yanayin fari. Ganyen rogo na iya samun adadin cyanogenic glucosides sau 10 fiye da saiwar rogon kuma dole ne a sarrafa su a hankali kafin a ci a matsayin abinci.
Yadda za a rage haɗarin cutarwa
Zaɓar nau’in rogo
Domin amfanin gida, saiwar rogo mai zaƙi ta fi aminci saboda tana ƙunshe da ƙaramin adadin glucosides na sinadarin cyanogenic idan aka kwatanta da saiwa mai ɗaci, kuma da alama tana da sauƙi wajen cire cyanide. Ya kamata a guji yin amfani da rogon da aka lalata ko ya lalace, musamman don ci a gida, saboda ƙwayoyin cells a rogon za su lalace kuma su ba da damar fitar da sinadarin enzyme mai ƙarfi wato hydrolysis da sinadarin cyanogenic glucosides wanda ke haifar da hydrogen cyanide.
Sarrafawa da kuma ci
Yana da babban haɗari ga lafiya cin ɗanyen ganyen rogo da saiwoyinsa, saboda sinadaran; cyanogenic glucosides linamarin da lotaustralin a cikin saiwar rogo da ganye na iya samar da hydrogen cyanide, wanda ke ɗauke da guba mai cutarwa ga mutane. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don sarrafa saiwar rogo da ganyaye don ci. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi su ne; dafawa, turarawa, yin burodi, soyawa, busarwa, da sauran su.
Ana iya yanka saiwar rogo ƙanana a dafa shi da ruwa mai yawa domin a cire cyanide yadda ya kamata. Tafasa saiwar rogo guda 2 na tsawon mintuna 30 yana rage sinadarin cyanide da kashi 75% idan aka kwatanta da tafasa guda 50 a lokaci ɗaya yana haifar da raguwar kashi 25% kawai na sinadarin cyanide. Ƙara yawan ruwa daga sau ɗaya zuwa sau biyar yana rage riƙewar cyanogen daga kashi 75% zuwa 24%. Busarwa, turarawa, gasawa, da soyawa a matsayin dabaru, yin amfani da hanya ɗaya kawai ba shi da tasiri sosai wajen rage yawan sinadarin cyanogens a cikin saiwar rogo, amma haɗa waɗannan hanyoyi ya fi tasiri.
Barbarar rogo
Ana iya shuka rogo ta hanyar dashe ko kuma ta hanyar tsarin jima’in shuke-shuke, amma abin da aka fi sani shi ne dashe da manoma ke yi don yawaitawa. Ba kamar dankali ba, rogo ba sashen haihuwa ba ne. Shuka rogo daga iri a zahiri tana faruwa lokaci-lokaci a cikin gonakin manoma. Hanyar da aka saba yin barbarar rogo ita ce ta hanyar haɗawa tsakanin riƙaƙƙun nau’in rogon da suka dace. Rogo yana da fure, furen macen rogo yana buɗewa tsawon kwanaki 10 zuwa 14 kafin furen mazan da ke kan reshe ɗaya.
Pollination (barbara) na iya faruwa saboda furanni maza da mata a kan rassa daban-daban ko kuma a kan tsirrai iri ɗaya na genotypes na iya buɗewa lokaci guda. Rogo shuka ce nau’in pollinated kuma ba kasafai yake haɗa barbara (pollination) da kansa ba; yana da nawar ninkuwa sannan kuma samar da irin yana da tsada da wahala. Don barbarar rogo tana ɗaukar lokaci kuma ba ta da inganci idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan amfanin gona, misali, hatsi.
Noman rogo
Kyakkyawan tsarin ayyukan noma suna da mahimmanci don bunƙasa noman rogo mai yawa. Ayyukan sun haɗa da zaɓi iri-iri, gyaran ƙasar noma, lokacin da ya dace don shukawa da girbi, dabarun dasar shuka, magance ciyawa da cutuka, haɗi da ban ruwa.
Ya kamata a yi rami a ƙasa mai zurfi don sassauta tsarin ƙasa da kuma yin kunya a kan ƙasa kafin a yi shuka, wannan na da fa’ida ga samuwar tushiya da riƙe danshin ƙasa. Ya dace da girman rogo a ƙarƙashin yanayin danshi da zafin da bai wuce 15 °C. Don haka, manoma sukan tsara ranar shuka bisa ga ruwan yanayin samun sama. Yana da matukar mahimmanci a yi amfani da nau’ikan rogo masu kyau tare da yawan amfani, a tsaya tsayin daka wajen yaƙar cutuka, daidaita matsalolin muhalli daban-daban, kyakkyawan tsarin shuka.
Har ila yau ya kamata kayan dashen su kasance marasa ƙwari da cutuka, kuma zai fi kyau a samo su daga tsirrai masu watanni 8 zuwa 18. Domin daƙile bushewa a lokacin ajiya, ya kamata tushen da aka girbe ya kasance na tsawon lokaci kafin yin dashen. Sannan kuma a yanka saiwar rogon kamar tsayin santimita 15 zuwa 25. Tazarar ramin shuka ta kai kimanin mita 1.0 × 1.0, wanda zai iya zama sama ko ƙasa da haka, ya danganta da ƙaranci ko yawan ƙasa. Yana da amfani a fesa ko tsoma abin dasawar a cikin wani haɗin maganin kwari kafin dasawa.
Cutuka da ƙwarin rogo
Noman rogo yana da tattare da nau’ikan cutuka da ƙwari waɗanda ke rage yawan amfanin rogo sosai, suna yin barazana ga wadatuwar abinci a duk faɗin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Gaggawar yaduwar cutar mosaic na rogo, da ke haifar mosaic geminiviruses, da kuma bullar cutar rogo daga Uganda da sauran sassan Gabashin Afirka, da ƙwayar cutar potyvirus ke haifarwa, sun lalata amfanin gona na rogo a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka. Duk waɗannan cutukan guda biyu suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar farin ƙwari (Bemisia tabaci). Cutar CBSD tana haifar da nau’in ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu: Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) da Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) (picornalike (+) viruses ssRNA, Ipomovirus, da Potyviridae). Ƙaddamar da rogo mai jure cutar CMD tare da matakai daban-daban na daƙile kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da CBSD yana ci gaba da tasiri ga samarwa da kuma canja yaɗuwa da faruwar nau’ikan cutukan UCBSV da CBSV a cikin gonaki.
Mafi munin ƙwarin rogo su ne gabaɗaya waɗanda suke haɗe da amfanin gonar, musamman ma cutukan green cassava mite (CGM;
Mononychellus tanajoa), mealybugs
(Phenacoccus herreni da Phenacoccus manihoti), whitefly (Aleurotrachelus socialis da
Aeurotrachelus socialis da Aeurotrachell da Aeurotrachell da Aleurotralacebugs (Vatiga illudens), da stemborers (Chilomina clarkei).
Manazarta
Cassava (manioc) | Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation. (n.d.).
Centre, A. C. (n.d.). Cassava Cultivation | ASEAN Cassava. | ASEAN
Onszaden. (2025, April 20). Cassava (Manihot esculenta) – 5 seeds.
What to know about cassava: Nutrition and toxicity. (2023, October 27).
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Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.
