Takaba

Takaba wata muhimmiyar al’ada ce mai cikakken tushe a cikin addinin Musulunci da kuma al’adun Hausawa da wasu ƙabilu. A Musulunci, an shimfiɗa takaba bisa umarnin Allah domin bawa mace damar zaman juyayi da alhini bayan mutuwar mijinta. A al’ada kuma, ana takaba ne domin nuna alhini ko juyayin rashin da aka yi. Wannan maƙala za ta fayyace ma’anar takaba, tsarinta a Musulunci da al’ada, hikimar ta da bambance-bambancen da ke akwai.

Ma’anar Takaba

A addinin Musuluncishi ana kiran Takaba da “iddah ko iddatul wafat”, wanda shi ne lokacin da mace ke dakatar da duk wata alaƙa ta aure ko al’amuran kwalliya bayan rasuwar mijinta. Yayin da a al’adar Hausawa, takaba na nufin lokacin alhini da nuna baƙin ciki da juyayi bayan rasuwar miji ko wani mai muhimmanci.

Har ila yau, sunan takaba a hausance ya samo asali ne daga “ta kabbaro”, ma’ana (mace ta shiga ƙabarin juyayi), wato zaman juyayi mai tsanani. Ana iya ɗaukar kalmar daga “ta-kaba”, wato “ta shiga hali kamar na ƙabari”, saboda ƙin fita, ƙin ado, da nutsuwar da ake ciki a wannan lokaci.

Nau’ikan Takaba a Musulunci

1. Takabar mace bayan mutuwar miji

• Lokaci: Watanni huɗu da kwana goma (Iddah al-wafat), kamar yadda ya zo a Alkur’ani mai girma cewar “Waɗanda suka rasu daga cikinku suka bar matansu, matan su za su jira (su zauna cikin idda) na wata huɗu da kwana goma.” (Suratul Baqarah: 234).
• Dalilin shine: Domin tabbatar da rashin ciki da kuma zaman alhini ga marigayin.

A Hadisin Annabi (SAW) kuma, An rawaito daga Ummu ‘Atiyyah (RA) cewar: “An hana mu yin takaba fiye da kwana uku ga mamaci, sai ga macen da mijinta ya rasu, wanda zata yi masa takaba na wata huɗu da kwana goma. Kuma ba za mu yi amfani da turare ba, ba zamu shiga taruka ba, kuma ba mu sawa sai tufafin da ba su da launi da ƙyalli.” (Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadisi na 5341, da Sahih Muslim, Hadisi na 938).

A Hadisin Zainab bint Abi Salamah (RA) “Na shiga wajen Ummu Habiba (RA), matar Annabi (SAW), a ranar da mahaifinta (Abu Sufyan) ya rasu. Tace: Na ji Annabi (SAW) yana cewa: ‘Ba halal bane ga wata mace ta yi takaba fiye da kwana uku, sai dai ga mijinta, inda zata yi wata huɗu da kwana goma.'” (Sahih al-Bukhari Hadisi na 5334, Sahih Muslim Hadisi na 937)

Bayanin Malaman Fiqhu

Malaman Fiqhu daga mazhabobi daban-daban sun yi bayani a litattafansu kan ƙa’idojin yadda takaba zata kasance, kaɗan daga cikinsu:

1. Fiqhu al-Sunnah na Sayyid Sabiq (juzu’i na 2) ya bayyana cewa, “Takaba wajibi ce ga mace idan mijinta ya rasu. Idan ta saɓa da hakan, ta aikata laifi.”
2.  Al-Mughni na Ibn Qudamah (mazhabar Hanbali) ya tabbatar da cewa: “Takaba wajibi ce ga mace da mijinta ya rasu, ba tare da la’akari da kasancewar suna tare ko a rabe ba, muddin auren yana da inganci.”
3.  Bidayat al-Mujtahid na Ibn Rushd (mazhabar Maliki): “Dukkanin malamai sun yi ittifaki cewa matar da mijinta ya rasu tana cikin takaba na kwanaki 130, komai hali ko shekaru.”

Sharuɗɗan Takaba (wajiban da sunnoni)

• Zama a gidan mijin da ya rasu (Wajibi, sai da uzuri)
• Rashin amfani da turare da kwalliya (Wajibi)
• Rashin fita sai da buƙata (abinci, lafiya, da sauransu) Wannan Halal ne da uzuri, amma zama a gida yafi daraja
• Idan mace na da ciki takabarta na ƙarewa ne bayan haihuwa (Suratul Talaq: 4)

2. Takabar mace bayan saki

Idan ba ta da ciki: Iddah na watanni 3 (menstrual cycles), idan kuma tana da ciki, to takabarta har sai ta haihu. Wannan ba takaba ta makoki ba ce, amma ta haramcin sake aure cikin lokaci ce.

3. Iddah ga mace da ba ta shiga ɗakin miji ba

Idan a aka saki mace kafin a sadu da ita, to ba ta da iddah (Surat Al-Ahzab: 49)

Shin namiji yana Takaba?

A shari’ar Muslunci namiji baya yin takaba ko kuma iddah, sai dai zai iya nuna juyayi da alhini, sannan kuma zai yi addu’a bisa ga rashin da ya yi na matarsa ko wani makusancinsa, ta hanyar kauce ma duk wasu abubuwa na shaƙatawa. Sannan doka bata ware ma namiji ƙayyadadden lokacin da zai yi aure ba don matarsa ta rasu. Idan har zai iya, to a ranar da matarsa rasu ma zai iya yin sabon aure, dalili kuwa shi baya ɗaukar ciki, dama daga cikin hikimar da ta sa aka wajabta ma mace yin takaba, domin kauce ma ɗaukar ɗan wani gida, zuwa wani gida.

Hikimar Takaba a Musulunci

Duk wani hukunci ko doka da musulunci yake kafawa toh akwai hikimar da ta sa, kuma wannan hikima a kowane lokaci amfanarwa ce a cikinta, ko kuma guje ma faɗawa a cikin wata illah, haka ma ɓangaren takaba, itama akwai hikimar da ta sa aka wajabta ta:

1. Don tabbatar da cewa mace ba ta da ciki, musamman don hana ruɗani dangane da zuriyar da za ta biyo baya.
2. Don mutunta marigayin, ta hanyar dakatar da kwalliya da shaƙatawa na wani lokaci.
3. Don ba wa mace lokaci na tunani da sake nutsuwa kafin ta sake aure.
4. Don kare mutuncin mata da hana gaggawar sake aure cikin rashin lafazi.
5. Don ƙarfafa haɗin kai da ɗaukakar aure a musulunci.

Takaba a al’adar Hausawa da wasu ƙabilu

Al’adar Hausawa da sauran ƙabilu irin su Kanuri, Nupe, da Yoruba na ɗaukar takaba a matsayin lokaci mai tsarki da ladabi. Duk da kasancewar ba duka ba ke da tsari irin na Musulunci ba, amma akwai abubuwa da suke gudana a cikinta kamar:

• Rufe fuska da sharaƙi ko kyalle mai duhu
• Hana fitar mace har sai bayan kwana arba’in
• Yin kuka na musamman a rana ta farko da ta bakwai da ta arba’in
• Guje wa tafiya ko shiga al’umma cikin farin ciki
• Sanya wasu takamaiman kaya na bakin ciki.

Sannan Hausawa na ɗaukar takaba a matsayin ladabi da girmamawa ga mamaci. A al’adance kuma ana tilasta mace ta yi zaman kaɗaici, har da wasu nau’o’in ruwan tsarki ko sanya kaya baƙi. Wasu lokuta ana hana mace shiga kasuwa ko walwala, ko da kuwa ba Musulmi ba ne mijinta. Wannan ya haɗu da tsarin Musulunci a wasu wurare, amma a wasu wuraren yana ɗauke da ƙarancin shari’a.

Sauran Qabilu kuma, suna da irin nasu al’adun juyayi, amma Musulmai a cikinsu suna kokarin bin tsarin shari’a.

Abin lura a nan: Waɗannan al’adun ba duka ne suka dace da koyarwar Musulunci ba, kuma ana buƙatar musulma ta bambanta al’ada da shari’a.

Bambanci tsakanin takaba a addini da al’ada

A musulunci mace na yin takaba ne tsawon wata huɗu da kwana goma (kwana 130), yayin da a wasu al’adun kwana arba’in ne. A musulunci ana bin tsarin shariah ne, a al’ada kuma ana bin yawan al’umma ne, da kuma tsarin ita kanta al’adar da mutanen ke bi. Musulunci ya halatta aure bayan mace ta gama iddah (Takaba), a wasu al’adun har sai an yi sadaka ko buɗar kai. Batun Kwalliya haramun ne a musulunci, a wasu al’adun ma haka. Idan aka zo ga dalili kuwa, musulmai suna yin takaba ne bisa ga bin umurnin Allah da ya zo a cikin Qur’an mai girma, da kuma koyarwar Manzon Allah Sallallahu alaihi Wa sallam, a al’ada kuma suna bin al’adun gargajiya ne kawai.

Darusan da ke tattare da takaba

Takaba na ɗauke da darussa masu yawa da mace take koyo, daga ciki akwai haƙuri, mutunci da ladabi, sannan takaba tana koya ma mace sanin darajar aure a addinance da kuma al’adance.

Takaba da sabon aure

A Musulunci, baya halatta ga mace ta yi sabon aure har sai ta kammala takabarta (iddah), walau takabar saki ko ta mutuwa. Idan kuma har ta yi haka kafin lokaci ya cika, to auren bai inganta ba, kuma wannan hukunci yana da tsanani a addini.

Manazarta

Farhat Hashmi. (n.d.)  IDDAH (Waiting period for a widow). Farhat Hashmi.

Islam – Questions & Answers (n.d.).Rules of `Iddah for Widows – Islam Question & Answer. (n.d.). Islam-QA.

Tamim, S. H. (2021, October 8). How long is iddah for widows? Do older women need to observe iddah? Utrujj.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). ʿiddah | Divorce, Widowhood & Marriage. Encyclopedia Britannica.

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