Taura wata itaciya ce da ke da muhimmanci mai girma a fannonin al’adu, magungunan gargajiya, kiwon lafiya, da kuma tattalin arziki, musamman a yankunan dajin savannah na Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. A kimiyyance ana kiranta da suna Detarium microcarpum, kuma tana cikin rukunin itatuwa na dangin Fabaceae.
Siffa da yanayin bishiyar taura
Bishiyar taura na girma ne a ƙasashen da suka haɗa da Najeriya, Mali, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Nijar, Sudan da wasu sassa na Afirka ta Tsakiya. Tana bunƙasa a muhallin da ba shi da cunkoso na bishiyoyi, musamman a cikin dazukan savanna da wuraren da ba su da yawan ruwan sama. Tsayin bishiyar na iya kaiwa daga mita 5 zuwa 15, kuma tana da ganye masu siffar gashin kaza ko fuka-fuki. Furen itacen na bayyana a lokacin damina, yawanci daga watan Yuli zuwa Satumba, yayin da ‘ya’yanta ke bayyana da kamanni mai siffar oval, suna da launin ruwan kasa da ɗanɗano mai ɗan ƙamshi mai zaƙi, wanda ake amfani da shi a matsayin abinci da magani.
Amfanin bishiyar taura
Taura itaciya ce da ke da tarihin amfani mai tsawo a Afirka, tana haɗa abubuwan da suka shafi abinci, lafiya, al’ada, da muhalli. Yin amfani da ita a hanyar kimiyya da gargajiya yana nuni da yadda bishiya ɗaya za ta iya taka rawar gani a fannoni da dama na rayuwar dan’adam.
Fa’ida a matsayin abinci
A fannin abinci, ‘ya’yan taura na daga cikin abincin da ke gina jiki sosai. Ana cin su a matsayin abin ciye-ciye kai tsaye, ko kuma a busar da su, a niƙa su a cikin gari wanda ake amfani da shi wajen girke-girke na gargajiya na yau da kullum. Garinta na da wadataccen sinadarin sukari, carbohydrates, da sinadarai kamar su calcium, iron, da vitamin C. Ƙwallon ko ƙwayar ‘ya’yan tana ƙunshe da mai (oil) mai ɗauke da sinadaran omega fatty acids, irinsu linoleic acid da oleic acid, wanda ake danganta su da inganta lafiyar zuciya da rage kumburi a jiki.
Fa’ida a matsayin magunguna
Bishiyar taura na da gagarumin amfani a fannin magungunan gargajiya. Ana amfani da ganyenta, sassaƙenta, da saiwarta wajen magance nau’o’in cututtuka da dama. Masu magungunan gargajiya a Najeriya da Nijar suna amfani da albarkatun itacen don magance zazzaɓin cizon sauro, ciwon ciki, gudawa, ciwon huhu, ciwon ido, da sauran matsalolin cututtukan ciki. Haka kuma, ana haɗa ganyenta da wasu sinadarai don yin turare ko kuma feshin kariya daga sauro a wasu ƙasashe irinsu Sudan da Chad. Bayan haka, an bayyana cewa man da ake cirewa daga ƙwallonta yana da matuƙar amfani wajen rage yawan suga a jiki, wanda hakan ya sa ake nazarin amfaninsa a matsayin maganin ciwon suga (diabetes) da cutar hawan jini.
Bincike na zamani ya tabbatar da cewa taura tana da sinadarai masu matuƙar fa’ida ga lafiyar dan’adam. Daga cikin su akwai flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins da coumarins, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta, rage kumburi, da kuma kare garkuwar jiki daga barazanar cututtuka masu nasaba da gurbatattun ƙwayoyin halitta. Wasu gwaje-gwaje na dabbobi sun nuna cewa tsantsar ganyen ko saiwa ta bishiyar na da tasiri wajen daƙile cututtuka irinsu cutar sankara, da cututtukan da ke da nasaba da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi.
Fa’ida a matsayin kayan gini
Baya ga amfani a fannin lafiya, bishiyar taura na da fa’ida a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar yau da kullum. Ana amfani da itacenta wajen gini, aikin kafinta da kuma yin gadoji ko turken lantarki (pole), saboda ƙarfin itacen da juriya ga lalacewa. Haka kuma, ana amfani da busasshen itacenta a matsayin itacen girki da kuma samar da gawayi saboda yana ƙonewa sosai kuma yana da ba da zafi. A wasu al’ummomi, ‘ya’yan itacen na da daraja a al’ada, inda ake amfani da su a matsayin kayan ado.
Fa’ida ga tattalin arziki da muhalli
A fannin tattalin arziki, Taura na taimaka wa rayuwar jama’a ta hanyar samar da kayan amfani, abinci, magani, da kuma kayayyakin gini. Itacen na da ƙarfi sosai, kuma yana da juriya da ƙarancin ƙonewa da sauri, wanda ya sa ya dace da amfani wajen gini da yin gawayi (charcoal). Haka kuma, ana sayar da garin taura a kasuwannin ƙasashe da dama, musamman a Najeriya, inda ake amfani da shi wajen haɗa abinci da sinadaran magani.
A gefe guda kuma, taura na da muhimmanci wajen kiyaye muhalli. Tana jure fari da sauyin yanayi, tana kuma taimakawa wajen hana ƙasa zaizayewa da rushewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana ƙarfafa noman taura a cikin shirin noma mai ɗorewa, musamman don rage dogaro da itatuwan da ke cikin dazuka.
Ƙalubale da barazana ga bishiyar taura
Duk da fa’idodin da ke tattare da Taura, tana fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa a wasu sassa saboda sare itatuwa ba tare da kiyayewa ba, ƙone gonaki da dazuka, da kuma sauyin yanayi. Bincike ya nuna cewa ya kamata a ƙarfafa noma da dasa bishiyoyin taura a matsayin shuka mai amfani a gida da kasuwa. Ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin itatuwan da suka cancanci shigowa cikin shirin “domestication” na Afirka, wato dasawa da kula da itatuwa a cikin gida ko gona domin amfanin gida da kasuwanci.
Wani muhimmin ɓangare na ci gaba da kare Taura shi ne ta hanyar ajiye irinta a cibiyoyin kula da noma kamar yadda aka fara a Mali da Burkina Faso. A nan, ana gudanar da bincike kan girman ‘ya’yanta, girman ganye, yawan sinadarai da saurin girma, don zaɓar nau’o’i mafi nagarta da za a ci gaba da dasawa. Wannan yana ƙarfafa gina dogon tsari na kiyayewa da amfani da taura a matsayin mahimmin ɓangare na cigaban lafiya, abinci da tattalin arziki a Afirka.
Sinadaran da ke cikin taura
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Alkaloids
Alkaloids su ne sinadarai masu ƙarfi da ake samu a cikin tsirrai, kuma suna ɗauke da nitrogen a tsarin sinadaransu. A cikin taura, alkaloids suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage raɗaɗi da ciwo, domin suna daƙile isar saƙonnin ciwo zuwa ƙwaƙwalwa. Haka kuma, suna da tasiri wajen kashe ƙwayoyin cuta irin su bacteria da parasites. A gargajiyance, ana amfani da sassa masu ɗauke da alkaloids don maganin malaria, ciwon kai, da mura.
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Flavonoids
Flavonoids sinadarai ne da ake samu a yawancin tsirrai masu launin kore da ‘ya’ya masu launi. A cikin taura, flavonoids suna aiki a matsayin antioxidant, wato suna kare ƙwayoyin halitta daga lalacewa ta hanyar hana yaduwar “free radicals”. Wannan kariya tana rage haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon zuciya, ciwon daji, da wasu nau’o’in cututtuka masu tsanani. Flavonoids kuma suna rage kumburi da matsalolin da suka shafi jijiyoyi da fata.
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Tannins
Tannins su ne sinadarai masu ɗaci da ake samu a cikin ganyaye da bawon itatuwa. A cikin taura, tannins suna taka rawa wajen hana yawan gudawa ta hanyar matse hanji da rage yawan ruwa a ciki. Haka kuma suna taimaka wa fata wajen warkar da rauni, domin suna kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haddasa kamuwa. Ana amfani da su wajen tsaftace fata, raunuka da kuma magance matsalolin ciki.
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Saponins
Saponins sinadarai ne da ke samar da kumfa idan aka jika su da ruwa. A taura, ana samun su a cikin jijiyoyi da wasu sassa na tsiro. Saponins suna taimakawa wajen narkewar abinci da kuma rage cholesterol a jiki. Suna kuma da tasiri wajen ƙarfafa garkuwar jiki da hana yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. A kimiyyance, ana nazarin saponins saboda tasirinsu a jikin zuciya da kuma riga-kafin ciwon daji.
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Terpenoids
Terpenoids su ne sinadarai masu ƙamshi da launi, waɗanda ke bayar da ƙamshi a turare da kuma taimakawa wajen maganin cututtuka. A cikin taura, terpenoids suna rage kumburi da ciwon jiki. Haka kuma, suna da tasiri wajen hana yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cutar daji da kuma tsaftace raunuka. Wasu daga cikinsu suna aiki a jiki ta hanyar daidaita hormones da kuma taimakawa lafiyar fata da ƙashi.
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Phenolic compounds
Phenolic compounds sinadarai ne da ke taka rawa wajen kare jiki daga lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta. A taura, ana samun su da yawa musamman a ɓawon itacen da ganye. Suna da wadatar antioxidant sosai, wanda ke hana lalacewar DNA da ƙwayoyin jiki sakamakon guba ko tsufa. Haka kuma suna taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka kamar ciwon daji, ciwon zuciya, da ciwon suga.
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Essential fatty acids
Essential fatty acids su ne nau’o’in maiƙo da jikin ɗan’adam ba zai iya ƙirƙira da kansa ba, amma yana matuƙar buƙatarsu don aiki daidai. A cikin taura, ana samun irin wannan maiko kamar linoleic acid da oleic acid. Wadannan sinadarai suna taimakawa wajen gina ƙwayoyin halittar fata, kare jiki daga kumburi, da inganta lafiyar zuciya. Haka kuma suna taka rawa wajen bunƙasa ƙwaƙwalwa da hana tsufa da wuri.
Manazarta
Akinmoladun, F. O., Akinrinlola, B. L., Farombi, E. O., & Olaleye, T. M. (2022). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of Detarium microcarpum fruit extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 16 (3), 45–52.
Mohammed, A., Musa, A. M., & Ahmed, A. (2021).
Antibacterial activity of Detarium microcarpum extracts against selected human pathogens.
African Journal of Microbiology Research, 15 (10), 321–328.
Ogundare, A. O., & Ibrahim, Y. K. E. (2023).
Pharmacological evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of Detarium microcarpum stem bark extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 300, 115646.
Yakubu, M. T., & Mustapha, K. B. (2019).
Toxicological assessment of Detarium microcarpum pulp extract in Wistar rats. Toxicology Reports, 6, 144–151.
Tarihin Wallafa Maƙalar
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