Mauritania

Mauritania ƙasa ce da ke a yankin arewa maso yammacin nahiyar Afirka. Sannan kuma, tana daga cikin ƙasashen da tarihin Musulunci da al’adun yankin sahara suka yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar al’ummarta. Inda ake kiran ƙasar da suna Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Mauritania, saboda addinin Musulunci shi ne ginshiƙin rayuwar mafi yawan mutanenta, sannan kuma ya kasance addinin da hukuma ke zartar da hukunci a ƙasar. Babban birnin ƙasar Mauritania shi ne Nouakchott, wanda yake a matsayin cibiyar mulki da harkokin tattalin arziki. Tun ƙarni da dama da suka gabata, Mauritania ta kasance muhimmiyar hanya ta kasuwanci tsakanin arewacin Afirka da yankin Afirka ta yamma.

Yanayin wuri da ƙasar Mauritania

Mauritania tana a yankin arewa maso yammacin nahiyar Afirka, kuma tana daga cikin ƙasashen da hamadar Sahara ta mamaye mafi yawan yankunanta. Ƙasar na da faɗin ƙasa mai yawa, inda take da iyaka da Algeria a arewa maso gabas, Mali a gabas da kudu maso gabas, Senegal a kudu maso yamma, sannan Western Sahara a arewa maso yamma. Haka kuma Mauritania tana da doguwar gaɓar teku a Tekun Atlantika, wanda ya taimaka wajen bunƙasar harkokin kamun kifi da kasuwanci.

Sannan mafi yawan yankin ƙasar fili ne mai yalwar yashi, duwatsu da hamada, musamman a arewacin ƙasar. Yankunan kudu kuwa sun fi samun ni’ima da ciyayi saboda kusancinsu da kogin Senegal, wanda yake taimaka musu wajen noma da kiwo. Saboda tsananin yanayin hamada, ba a samun yawaitar ruwan sama a Mauritania, musamman a yankunan arewa, inda wasu wurare kan shafe shekaru ba tare da samun ruwan sama mai yawa ba. Yanayin zafin ƙasar yakan kasance mai tsanani, musamman a lokacin bazara. Sai dai kuma, yankunan bakin teku suna samun ɗan sauƙin yanayi saboda iska daga Tekun Atlantika. Sauyin yanayi da fari sun yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar mutanen ƙasar, abin da ya sa mutane da dama suka bar rayuwar ƙauyuka zuwa manyan birane domin neman ingantacciyar rayuwa.

Al’umma da harshe

Al’ummomi

Al’ummar Mauritania sun ƙunshi ƙabilu da al’adu daban-daban da suka haɗa asalin Larabawa, Berber da kuma wasu al’ummomin Afirka ta yamma. Wannan haɗuwar ta sa ƙasar ta kasance mai yalwar al’adu da tsarin rayuwa iri-iri. Sannan mafi yawan mutanen ƙasar Musulmai ne.

Daga cikin manyan rukunin al’ummar Mauritania akwai Larabawan Bidhan, wato (White Moors), da kuma Haratin, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da tsofaffin al’ummomin Afirka da suka daɗe suna rayuwa a yankin. Haka kuma, akwai wasu ƙabilu irin su Fulani (Pulaar), Soninke da Wolof, musamman a yankunan kudancin ƙasar kusa da kogin Senegal. Kowace ƙabila na da nata al’adu, harshe da tsarin rayuwa, amma addinin Musulunci ya haɗa su a matsayin al’umma ɗaya.

Harsuna

Harshe hukuma na Mauritania shi ne Larabci, musamman nau’in Hassaniya Arabic wanda aka fi amfani da shi a tsakanin jama’a. Wannan harshe ya samo asali ne daga Larabcin da Larabawa da Berber suka yaɗa a yankin sahara tun ƙarni da dama da suka gabata. Hassaniya Arabic yana da bambanci da Larabcin gabas ta tsakiya. Harshen Faransanci ma yana da babban matsayi saboda tarihin mulkin mallakar Faransa, kuma ana amfani da shi a wasu makarantu da harkokin gwamnati.

Addini da al’adu

 Kamar yadda ya gabata, Addinin Musulunci shi ne ginshiƙin rayuwar al’ummar Mauritania, kuma kusan dukkan mutanen ƙasar Musulmai ne. Mauritania na daga cikin ƙasashen Afirka da suka daɗe suna riƙe da koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci tun ƙarni da dama da suka gabata. Addinin yana da tasiri sosai a rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma tsarin mulkin ƙasar. Mafi yawan al’ummar ƙasar suna bin mazhabar Malikiyya, wacce ta fi yaɗuwa a yankin Afirka. Tun a zamanin da, Mauritania ta shahara wajen koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci da haddar Alƙur’ani.

Garuruwa irin su Chinguetti sun zama manyan cibiyoyin ilimi, inda malamai daga sassa daban-daban na Afirka suke zuwa neman ilimi. Akwai tsofaffin ɗakunan karatu masu ɗauke da rubuce-rubucen Musulunci na tarihi, waɗanda suke nuna irin gudummawar da Mauritania ta bayar wajen bunƙasa ilimin addini a nahiyar Afirka. Haka kuma akwai manyan ƙungiyoyin sufaye kamar Tijjaniyya da Ƙadiriyya, waɗanda suke da mabiya masu yawa a ƙasar. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun taimaka wajen yaɗa ilimin addinin Musulunci, tarbiyya da kyawawan ɗabi’u a tsakanin al’umma.

Al’adun Mauritania

A ɓangaren al’adu kuwa, Mauritania na da al’adu irin na Larabawa, Berber da kuma al’adun Afirka ta Yamma. Mutanen ƙasar suna girmama baƙi da mutunta manya. Shan shayin atay yana daga cikin manyan al’adun ƙasar, inda ake shirya shi cikin tsari na musamman domin nuna karamci da girmama baƙi.

Mata a Mauritania kan sanya tufafin gargajiya mai suna Melfa, wadda doguwar riga ce da ake lulluɓawa a jiki. Maza kuwa suna sanya Darra’a, wadda itama yalwatacciyar riga ce da ta shahara a yankin Sahara. Waɗannan kayan gargajiya suna nuna asalin al’adun ƙasar da kuma yadda mutane ke riƙe da martabar gargajiya. Waƙoƙi, tatsuniyoyi ma suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka shahara a al’adun Mauritania. Ana amfani da su wajen bayyana tarihi, yabon jarumai da kuma koyar da tarbiyya ga matasa. Duk da tasirin zamani, al’ummar Mauritania har yanzu suna ƙoƙarin kiyaye al’adunsu da addininsu kamar yadda suka gada tun daga iyayensu da kakanninsu.

 Tarihin kafuwar Mauritania

Tun kafin zuwan Turawa, yankin Mauritania ya kasance babbar hanya ta kasuwanci tsakanin arewacin Afirka da yankin Afirka ta Yamma, inda ayarin fatake daga Larabawa da Berber kan ratsa yankin suna kai kaya irin su gishiri, auduga, fata da zinariya zuwa sassa daban-daban na Afirka. Wannan harkar kasuwanci ta taimaka wajen bunƙasar garuruwa da zamantakewar al’ummar yankin.

 A ƙarni na goma sha ɗaya, ƙungiyar Almoravid ta taso daga yankunan Sahara da suka haɗa da Mauritania. Wannan ƙungiya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa addinin Musulunci a yankin Arewacin Afirka da wasu sassan Afirka ta Yamma. Ta hanyar malamai masu fatauci a yankin sahara, Musulunci ya ƙara ƙarfi a Mauritania har ya zama ginshiƙin rayuwar al’umma.

A ƙarni na goma sha tara ne Turawan Faransa suka fara nuna sha’awa sosai ga yankin Mauritania, musamman saboda muhimman hanyoyin kasuwanci da kuma faɗaɗa mulkin mallakarsu a Afirka ta Yamma. Faransa ta fara shiga yankin a hankali ta hanyar yarjejeniya da wasu shugabannin ƙabilu, kafin daga baya ta kafa cikakken iko a yankin.

 A farkon ƙarni na ashirin, Mauritania ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Faransa, inda aka haɗa ta cikin yankin French West Africa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Faransa ta kafa tsarin gwamnati da makarantu na zamani, tare da amfani da harshen Faransanci a harkokin mulki da ilimi. Sai dai duk da haka, al’ummar Mauritania sun ci gaba da riƙe addininsu da al’adunsu na gargajiya.

Mulkin mallakar Faransa ya kawo sauye-sauye a tattalin arziki da tsarin rayuwa, amma kuma ya haifar da ƙalubale da dama ga al’umma. Wasu yankuna sun ci gaba da rayuwar gargajiya ta kiwo da fatauci, yayin da wasu suka fara shiga tsarin mulkin zamani da turawa suka kafa.

Bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu ne ƙasashen Afirka suka fara gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka. Mauritania ma ta shiga wannan sahu na neman ƴancin kai da kafa gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta.

A ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1960, Mauritania ta samu ƴancin kai daga Faransa, inda aka ayyana ta a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. Moktar Ould Daddah ne ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko bayan samun ƴancin kai. A lokacin farko na mulkin ƙasar, gwamnati ta maida hankali wajen haɗa kan al’umma da gina cibiyoyin gwamnati da tattalin arziki. Bayan samun ƴancin kai, Mauritania ta fuskanci sauye-sauye daban-daban na siyasa da mulki, ciki har da juyin mulki a wasu lokuta.

Tsarin mulki

Mauritania ƙasa ce mai tsarin mulkin jamhuriya, inda shugaban ƙasa yake zama shugaban gwamnati da kuma jagoran ƙasa baki ɗaya. Ana zaɓen shugaban ƙasa ta hanyar zaɓen jama’a, kuma shi ne yake da alhakin tafiyar da harkokin gwamnati, tsaro da kuma kula da manufofin ƙasa.

 Tsarin mulkin Mauritania ya tanadi raba iko tsakanin ɓangarori uku na gwamnati, wato ɓangaren zartarwa, majalisa da kuma ɓangaren shari’a. Wannan tsari yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da gudanar da mulki cikin doka da adalci. Bangaren zartarwa yana ƙarƙashin shugaban ƙasa da ministocinsa, waɗanda suke kula da ma’aikatun gwamnati da aiwatar da manufofi. Shugaban ƙasa yana da ikon naɗa firaminista da sauran jami’an gwamnati domin taimaka masa wajen tafiyar da mulki.

 Majalisar dokoki kuwa ita ce ke da alhakin yin dokoki da kuma duba yadda gwamnati ke gudanar da ayyukanta. Ƴan majalisar ana zaɓensu ne daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar domin wakiltar jama’a. Majalisar tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa gwamnati tana aiki bisa kundin tsarin mulki.

Sashen shari’a kuwa yana kula da tabbatar da adalci da zartas da dokoki. Kotuna suna gudanar da shari’o’i bisa tsarin dokokin ƙasar, waɗanda suka haɗa da dokokin Musulunci da kuma wasu dokokin zamani da aka gada tun zamanin mulkin mallaka.

 Tattalin arzikin

 Tattalin arzikin Mauritania ya fi dogaro ne da albarkatun ƙasa, duk da kasancewar mafi yawan yankin ƙasar hamada ne, Mauritania na da ɗimbin albarkatun da suke taimakawa wajen tafiyar da tattalin arzikinta da samar da kuɗaɗen shiga ga gwamnati.

 Haƙar ma’adanai na daga cikin manyan ginshiƙan tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Mauritania ta shahara musamman wajen haƙar ƙarfe wanda yake daga cikin manyan kayayyakin da take fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje. Haka kuma akwai ma’adanai irin su zinariya, jan ƙarfe da ake samu a wasu yankunan ƙasar. Fitar da waɗannan albarkatu yana taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da ayyukan yi ga jama’a.

 Kamun kifi ma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin Mauritania, saboda ƙasar na da doguwar gaɓar teku a tekun Atlantika. Ruwan tekun yankin na ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suke da yalwar kifaye a Afirka.

Kiwo na daga cikin tsofaffin hanyoyin rayuwar al’ummar Mauritania. Mutane da dama a yankunan karkara suna kiwon raƙuma, shanu, tumaki da awaki, musamman saboda yanayin hamadar ƙasar. Wannan sana’a tana taimakawa wajen samar da abinci da kuma kasuwanci tsakanin ƙauyuka da birane. A yankunan kudancin ƙasar da suke kusa da kogin Senegal, ana gudanar da noma duk da ƙarancin ruwan sama a wasu yankuna. Ana noma amfanin gona kamar gero, dawa da shinkafa domin amfanin cikin gida.

Muhimmancin Mauritania a idon duniya

Mauritania na da muhimmin matsayi a idon duniya, musamman a ɓangarorin addini, tarihi, kasuwanci da kuma albarkatun ƙasa. Duk da cewa ƙasar ba ta daga cikin manyan ƙasashen duniya ta fuskar yawan jama’a ko ci gaban masana’antu, amma dai tana da wani irin muhimmanci a yankin Afirka da ma duniya baki ɗaya.

A fannin addini da tarihi, malamai da ɗalibai daga wurare daban-daban suna kallon ƙasar a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar ilimin addinin Musulunci tun ƙarni da dama da suka gabata.

 A ɓangaren tattalin arziki kuwa, Mauritania na da muhimmanci saboda albarkatun ma’adanai da take da su, musamman ƙarfe da zinariya. Ƙasar na daga cikin masu fitar da ƙarfe zuwa wasu ƙasashe, wanda ke ba ta muhimmiyar rawar takawa a kasuwannin duniya. Haka kuma yalwar kifaye a gaɓar tekunta ta sanya ƙasashe da dama suna hulɗar kasuwanci da ita a fannin kamun kifi da kayayyakin ruwa.

Mauritania tana da babban matsayi a yankin Sahara saboda kasancewarta hanyar haɗa Arewacin Afirka da yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Tun zamanin da, hanyoyin fatauci sun ratsa yankin Mauritania, kuma har yanzu tana taka rawa a harkokin sufuri da kasuwanci tsakanin ƙasashen yankin.

A fannin siyasa da tsaro, Mauritania tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suke taka rawa wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya da yaƙi da matsalolin tsaro a yankin Sahel. Ƙasar tana da haɗin gwiwa da wasu ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa wajen yaƙi da ta’addanci da kare zaman lafiya a yankin.

Haka kuma Mauritania memba ce a wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi na duniya da na nahiyar Afirka, irin su Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN), Tarayyar Afirka (AU) da kuma Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Musulmai (OIC). Ta hanyar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, ƙasar tana shiga harkokin siyasa, tattalin arziki da haɗin kan ƙasashen duniya.

Matsaloli da ƙalubale

Kamar sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa, Mauritania tana fuskantar matsaloli da ƙalubale daban-daban da suke shafar rayuwar al’umma da ci gaban ƙasar. Waɗannan matsaloli sun haɗa da na tattalin arziki, yanayi, ilimi da kuma zamantakewa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen ƙasar shi ne matsalar fari da yaɗuwar hamada. Saboda mafi yawan yankin Mauritania hamada ce ta Sahara, ƙarancin ruwan sama yana shafar noma, kiwo da rayuwar jama’a. Sauyin yanayi ya ƙara tsananta wannan matsala, inda wasu yankuna suke fama da ƙarancin ciyayi da bushewar ƙasa.

 Talauci

Talauci ma yana daga cikin matsalolin da ƙasar ke fuskanta. Duk da albarkatun ma’adanai da kifayen da Mauritania ke da su, har yanzu mutane da dama suna rayuwa cikin ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa. Rashin wadatattun ayyukan yi, musamman ga matasa, yana daga cikin abubuwan da suke hana wasu iyalai samun ingantacciyar rayuwa.

Ƙarancin makarantu

A ɓangaren ilimi kuwa, akwai ƙalubalen ƙarancin makarantu da kayan koyarwa a wasu yankunan karkara. Duk da cewa gwamnati tana ƙoƙarin inganta ilimi, har yanzu akwai bambanci tsakanin rayuwar birane da ƙauyuka wajen samun damar ilimi da ci gaba.

 Rikicin siyasa

Mauritania ta kuma fuskanci ƙalubalen siyasa a wasu lokuta tun bayan samun ƴancin kai. An taɓa samun juyin mulki da sauye-sauyen gwamnati, abin da ya shafi zaman lafiyar siyasa da tafiyar dimokiraɗiyya a ƙasar. Duk da haka, gwamnati tana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da haɗin kan al’umma.

Kiwon lafiya

Akwai kuma matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ƙarancin cibiyoyin lafiya a wasu yankuna, musamman a ƙauyuka masu nisa. Wasu al’umma suna fuskantar wahala wajen samun ingantaccen magani da kulawar lafiya.

Tsaro

Haka kuma matsalar tsaro a yankin Sahara tana daga cikin abubuwan da suke barazana ga ƙasashen yankin, ciki har da Mauritania. Saboda kusancinta da wasu yankunan da suke fama da rikice-rikice, ƙasar tana ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa tsaro da haɗin gwiwa da sauran ƙasashe domin kare zaman lafiya.

Jerin sunayen shugabannin Mauritania

Tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1960, Mauritania ta samu shugabanni daban-daban waɗanda suka jagoranci ƙasar a mabambantan lokuta. Wasu sun hau mulki ta hanyar zaɓe, yayin da wasu suka karɓi mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki, daga cikinsu akwai:

• Moktar Ould Daddah (1960–1978): Moktar Ould Daddah shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko bayan Mauritania ta samu ‘yancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1960. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa gwamnatin ƙasar da haɗa kan al’umma a farkon samuwar ƴanci. Mulkinsa ya ƙare ne bayan juyin mulki a shekarar 1978.
• Mustafa Ould Salek (1978–1979): Ya hau mulki bayan an hamɓarar da gwamnatin Moktar Ould Daddah ta hanyar juyin mulki. Mulkinsa bai daɗe ba saboda rikice-rikicen siyasa da rashin kwanciyar hankali.
• Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly (1979–1980): Shi ma ya jagoranci ƙasar na ɗan wani lokaci bayan sauyin mulki. Mulkinsa ya kasance ne a lokacin da Mauritania ke fama da matsalolin siyasa da tattalin arziki.
• Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla (1980–1984): Ya zama shugaban ƙasa bayan wani juyin mulki. A lokacin mulkinsa an aiwatar da wasu sauye-sauye a tsarin mulki da zamantakewa.
• Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya (1984–2005): Ya mulki Mauritania na tsawon shekaru masu yawa bayan juyin mulki a shekarar 1984. Mulkinsa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsawo a tarihin ƙasar kafin a hambarar da shi a shekarar 2005.
• Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (2005–2007): Shi ne ya jagoranci gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 2005. Ya taimaka wajen shirya zaɓen dimokiraɗiyya a ƙasar.
• Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi (2007–2008): Ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko da aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokiraɗiyya bayan shekaru masu yawa na mulkin soja. Sai dai mulkinsa bai daɗe ba kafin wani juyin mulki ya kifar da gwamnatinsa.
• Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (2008–2019): Ya hau mulki bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 2008, sannan daga baya aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Mulkinsa ya mayar da hankali kan tsaro da tattalin arziki.
• Mohamed Ould Ghazouani (2019–Zuwa Yanzu): Mohamed Ould Ghazouani ya zama shugaban ƙasa bayan zaɓen shekarar 2019. Ana kallon sauyin mulkin zuwa gare shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan ci gaban dimokiraɗiyya a Mauritania, saboda ya karɓi mulki a hannun shugaban ƙasa da aka zaɓa cikin lumana.

Manazarta

Islamic Republic of Mauritania. (n.d.). African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. .

Stewart, E. (2008, August 6). History of Mauritania. The Guardian. .

Sharuɗɗan Editoci

Duk maƙalun da ku ka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta, manazarta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta tare da sa idon kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙwararru. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.

Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.