Rake na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman tsirran noma da ake amfani da su wajen samar da sukari da sauran kayayyakin masana’antu a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Tsiro ne mai tsawo da ke bunƙasa a yankuna masu yanayin zafi da isasshen ruwa, kuma ana nomansa saboda yalwar ruwan zaƙi da ke cikin karansa. Baya ga amfani da shi a matsayin abin taunawa, rake na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da sukari, ethanol, abincin dabbobi da wasu kayayyakin masana’antu.
Rake na da matuƙar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin ƙasashe da dama, domin noman shi da sarrafa shi suna samar da ayyukan yi ga miliyoyin mutane. A halin yanzu, rake shi ne babban tushen samar da sukari a duniya, inda kusan kashi tamanin cikin ɗari na sukarin da ake amfani da shi ake samarwa daga gare shi, yayin da sauran ke fitowa daga sugar beet. Haka kuma, rake na ɗauke da wasu sinadaran gina jiki da ke ba shi amfani a matsayin abinci, musamman idan aka ci sabo ko aka sha ruwansa cikin daidaito.
Ma’anar rake
Rake tsiro ne mai tsawo da ke cikin dangin Poaceae (wato dangin ciyayi), wanda ake nomawa musamman domin samar da sukari daga ruwan da ke cikin karansa. Karansa yana da kauri kuma yana cike da ruwa mai zaƙi, wanda ake matsewa domin samar da sukari, molasses, ethanol da sauran kayayyakin masana’antu.
Tsiron rake yana girma ne a yankuna masu yanayin zafi ko matsakaicin zafi, inda yake buƙatar isasshen hasken rana da ruwa domin bunƙasa. Yawanci ana noma shi ta hanyar dasa guntayen kara maimakon iri, saboda wannan hanya ce ta fi saurin samar da sabon tsiro mai ƙarfi.
Baya ga amfani da shi wajen samar da sukari, ana kuma tauna rake kai tsaye domin zuƙar ruwansa mai zaƙi. Haka kuma, ana amfani da ragowar karansa bayan an matse ruwan wajen samar da wutar lantarki, takardu da sauran kayayyakin masana’antu.
Asali da tarihin samuwar rake
Masana sun yi imanin cewa asalin rake ya samo ne daga yankin tsibirin New Guinea, inda aka fara amfani da nau’o’in rake na daji tun dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Daga wannan yanki ne rake ya bazu zuwa kudu da kudu maso gabashin nahiyar Asiya, inda aka fara inganta shi ta hanyar noma.
Daga baya, rake ya isa ƙasar Indiya, wadda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa hanyoyin samar da sukari daga rake. Daga Indiya ne ilimin sarrafa sukari ya bazu zuwa ƙasar Farisa, Gabas ta Tsakiya da arewacin Afirka ta hanyar kasuwanci da yaƙe-yaƙe. A ƙarnukan da suka biyo baya, Larabawa da Turawa sun taimaka wajen yaɗa noman rake zuwa yankunan Bahar Rum, nahiyar Amurka da tsibirai masu yanayin zafi.
A yau, ana noman rake a mafi yawan ƙasashe masu yanayin zafi da matsakaicin zafi. Ƙasashe irin su Brazil, India, China, Thailand da Pakistan na daga cikin manyan masu noma da sarrafa rake a duniya. A Najeriya ma ana noman rake a jihohi da dama, musamman a yankunan da ke da isasshen ruwa da ƙasa mai dacewa da nomansa, inda yake taimakawa wajen samar da sukari, ayyukan yi da bunƙasa tattalin arziki.
Suna da rabe-raben rake a kimiyyance
Sunan rake a kimiyyance shi ne Saccharum officinarum. Tsiro ne da ke cikin jinsin Saccharum, wanda ya ƙunshi nau’o’in rake masu yawa da ake nomawa domin samar da sukari da sauran kayayyakin masana’antu. A tsarin rabe-raben halittu, rake yana cikin masarautar tsirrai (Plantae), sannan yana cikin rukunin tsirrai masu furanni (Magnoliophyta). Haka kuma yana daga cikin ajin tsirrai masu ganye guda ɗaya (Liliopsida), da tsarin Poales, wanda ya haɗa da yawancin ciyayi masu muhimmanci a fannin noma. Rake yana cikin dangin Poaceae (dangin ciyayi), tare da tsirrai irin su shinkafa, masara, alkama da dawa.
A ƙarƙashin wannan dangi ne yake cikin jinsin Saccharum, yayin da nau’in da aka fi sani da shi kuma aka fi nomawa domin samar da sukari shi ne Saccharum officinarum. Duk da haka, yawancin irin rake da ake nomawa a yau ba tsantsar wannan nau’i ba ne, domin an samar da su ta hanyar haɗa nau’o’i daban-daban domin ƙara yawan sukari, inganta amfanin gona da kuma ƙarfafa juriyar tsiron ga cututtuka da sauye-sauyen yanayi.
Siffofin rake
Rake tsiro ne mai tsawo da kan kai tsakanin mita biyu zuwa shida, gwargwadon nau’in iri da yanayin da aka noma shi. Yana girma ne a matsayin kara mai ƙarfi, madaidaici kuma mai sassa-sassa, wadda ke adana ruwa mai zaƙi mai yalwar sukari. Wannan kara shi ne mafi muhimmancin ɓangaren tsiron, domin daga cikinsa ne ake matse ruwan da ake sarrafawa zuwa sukari, ethanol da sauran kayayyakin masana’antu.
Tsiron rake yana da tushen jijiyoyi masu yawa da ke bazuwa a cikin ƙasa domin tsotsar ruwa da sinadaran gina shuka. Ganyensa kuwa dogaye ne, sirara kuma masu kaifi a gefe da gefe, masu launin kore, kuma su ne ke gudanar da aikin samar da abinci ga tsiron ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana. A lokacin da rake ya kai matakin girma, yakan samar da furanni masu launin fari ko azurfa waɗanda ke fitowa a saman karan a matsayin wani gungu mai laushi. Sai dai a gonakin kasuwanci ba kasafai ake barin rake ya yi furanni ba, domin ana girbe shi tun kafin wannan mataki domin a samu yawan sukari a cikin karan.
Launin karan rake na iya bambanta gwargwadon nau’in iri. Wasu suna da kara mai launin kore, wasu rawaya, wasu ja ko shanshanbale, yayin da wasu ke da haɗuwar waɗannan launuka. Haka kuma, karan yana da gaɓa da tazara tsakaninsu, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen girman tsiron da kuma adana sukari.
Nau’o’in rake
Akwai nau’o’in rake da dama waɗanda suka bambanta ta fuskar launin kara, girma, yawan sukari, saurin girma da kuma juriyar cututtuka. Wannan bambancin ya samo asali ne daga nau’o’in rake na asali da kuma sababbin irin da masana suka samar ta hanyar inganta iri domin dacewa da buƙatun noma da masana’antu.
Ana iya bambanta nau’o’in rake ta launin karansu. Wasu suna da kara mai launin kore, wasu rawaya, wasu ja, yayin da wasu ke da launin shanshanbale. Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in da ke da kara mai kauri, yayin da wasu ke da kara mai siranta. Duk da wannan bambanci, kusan dukkansu suna ɗauke da ruwa mai zaƙi da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da sukari.
Dangane da amfani, akwai rake da aka fi nomawa domin samar da sukari saboda yawan sinadarin sucrose da ke cikin karansa. Akwai kuma nau’o’in da ake nomawa domin taunawa saboda taushinsu, zaƙinsu da yalwar ruwansu. Bugu da ƙari, wasu nau’o’in rake ana amfani da su wajen samar da ethanol, molasses da makamashin biofuel, yayin da ragowar tukar ke zama albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da wutar lantarki, takardu da sauran kayayyakin masana’antu.
A yau, cibiyoyin bincike a duniya na ci gaba da samar da sababbin irin rake masu jure fari, kwari da cututtuka, tare da waɗanda ke samar da amfanin gona da sukari mai yawa. Wannan ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa noman rake da ƙara yawan amfanin da ake samu a ƙasashe masu noma.
Yadda ake noman rake
Noman rake na buƙatar ƙasa mai yalwar sinadaran gina tsiro, wadda ke zubar da ruwa cikin sauƙi ba tare da ruwa ya tsaya cikinta ba. Tsiron yana bunƙasa sosai a yankunan da ke da yanayi mai zafi, isasshen hasken rana da wadataccen ruwa. Saboda yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya girma, ana buƙatar kulawa da shi tun daga lokacin shuka har zuwa girbi.
Gyara ƙasa
Ana fara noman rake ne da gyara ƙasa ta hanyar nomewa da tona ta domin ta yi laushi. Idan ƙasar ba ta da wadatattun sinadaran gina tsiro, ana ƙara takin gargajiya ko na zamani domin inganta ta da ƙara yawan amfanin gona.
Dasa rake
Ba a fi amfani da iri wajen noman rake ba. Maimakon haka, ana yanka guntayen karan daga lafiyayyen tsiro wanda ya girma, waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin tsiro (buds), sannan a dasa su a cikin ramukan da aka tanada. Wannan hanya ce da ta fi saurin samar da sabon tsiro mai ƙarfi.
Kula da gona
Bayan dasa rake, ana ba shi ruwa akai-akai, musamman a lokacin da ba a samun ruwan sama. Haka kuma ana cire ciyawa domin rage gasa wajen samun ruwa da sinadaran gina shuka. Ana kuma ƙara taki idan ya zama dole domin ƙarfafa girma da haɓaka yawan sukari da tsiron ke tarawa a cikin karansa.
Girbi
Rake yakan balaga cikin watanni tara zuwa goma sha takwas, gwargwadon nau’in iri da yanayin da aka noma shi. Ana girbe shi ne idan karan ya tara isasshen sukari, wanda ake gane shi ta girman tsiron da bushewar wasu daga cikin ganyensa. Bayan girbi, ana kai rake cikin gaggawa masana’anta domin a matse ruwansa kafin yawan sukari ya fara raguwa.
Amfanin rake
Rake na daga cikin tsirran noma da ke da matuƙar amfani ga rayuwar ɗan Adam da tattalin arziki. Ana amfani da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, tun daga matsayin abinci har zuwa albarkatun masana’antu da makamashi.
Samar da sukari
Babban amfanin rake shi ne samar da sukari. Kimanin kashi tamanin cikin ɗari na sukarin da ake amfani da shi a duniya ana samar da shi ne daga rake, wanda hakan ya sa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman amfanin gonar masana’antu.
Abinci da abin sha
Ana tauna rake kai tsaye domin cin moriyar ruwansa mai zaƙi. Haka kuma, ana matse ruwansa domin samar da abin sha ko kuma a yi amfani da shi wajen sarrafa alewa, biskit, kayan zaki da sauran nau’o’in abinci.
Samar da makamashi
Ana amfani da ruwan rake wajen samar da ethanol, wanda ake amfani da shi a matsayin makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa. Haka kuma, ragowar karar rake (tukar) ana amfani da ita wajen samar da wutar lantarki a wasu masana’antun sukari.
Amfanin masana’antu
Bayan an matse ruwan rake, ragowar kararsa na zama albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da takarda, kwali da wasu kayayyakin masana’antu. Haka kuma, ana amfani da ita wajen samar da takin gargajiya da kuma ciyar da dabbobi.
Sinadaranda ke cikin rake
Rake na ɗauke da sinadaran gina jiki da dama, musamman a cikin ruwansa. Duk da cewa ya fi shahara saboda yalwar sukari, yana kuma ƙunshe da wasu bitamin da ma’adanai masu amfani ga jiki idan aka sha ruwansa cikin daidaito.
Carbohydrates
Mafi yawan sinadarin da ke cikin rake shi ne carbohydrates, musamman sucrose, wanda shi ne babban sinadarin da ake sarrafawa zuwa sukari. Wannan sinadari yana samar wa jiki kuzarin da yake buƙata domin gudanar da ayyukansa na yau da kullum.
Bitamin
Ruwan rake na ƙunshe da ƙaramin adadin wasu bitamin, musamman bitamin na rukunin B, kamar thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2) da niacin (B3). Waɗannan bitamin suna taimakawa wajen sauya abinci zuwa kuzari da kuma tallafa wa aikin jijiyoyi.
Minerals
Rake na kuma ɗauke da minerals masu muhimmanci, irin su potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron da sodium. Waɗannan minerals suna taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa ƙasusuwa, daidaita aikin tsoka da jijiyoyi, da kuma kiyaye daidaiton ruwa a cikin jiki.
Sinadaran kare ƙwayoyin halitta
Baya ga sukari da minerals, rake na ƙunshe da wasu sinadarai masu aikin kare ƙwayoyin halitta (antioxidants), kamar flavonoids da polyphenols. Waɗannan sinadarai na taimakawa wajen rage illar sinadarai masu cutarwa a cikin jiki, kodayake adadinsu ba ya da yawa idan aka kwatanta da wasu ‘ya’yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.
Cututtuka da ƙwari masu addabar rake
Kamar sauran amfanin gona, rake na iya fuskantar hare-haren cututtuka da ƙwari da kan rage yawan amfanin gona da ingancin sukari idan ba a ɗauki matakan kariya ba.
Cututtuka
Daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi addabar rake akwai red rot, smut, leaf scald, ratoon stunting disease da mosaic disease. Waɗannan cututtuka kan haifar da ruɓewar kara, bushewar ganye, rage girman tsiro da kuma raguwar yawan sukari da ake samu a cikin rake.
Ƙwari
Akwai ƙwari da dama da ke lalata rake, ciki har da stem borers, gara (termites), aphids, scale insects da white grubs. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙwari suna cin karan rake ko jijiyarsa, yayin da wasu ke tsotsar ruwan tsiro ko kuma suna taimakawa wajen yaɗa cututtuka.
Hanyoyin kariya
Ana rage illar waɗannan cututtuka da ƙwari ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun irin rake masu jure cututtuka, tsaftace gona, cire tsirran da suka kamu da cuta, sauya tsarin shuka idan ya dace, da kuma amfani da hanyoyin sarrafa ƙwari cikin hikima, ciki har da amfani da magungunan da suka dace bisa shawarar masana.
Girbi da sarrafa rake
Ana girbe rake ne bayan ya kai matakin balaga, wanda yawanci yakan kasance tsakanin watanni tara zuwa goma sha takwas bayan dasa shi, gwargwadon nau’in iri da yanayin da aka noma shi. Ana gane rake mai balaga ta cikar karar sa da sukari, bushewar wasu daga cikin ganyensa da kuma rage saurin fitowar sabbin ganye.
Muhimmancin rake ga tattalin arziki
Rake na daga cikin muhimman amfanin gonar kasuwanci da ke ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga tattalin arzikin ƙasashe da dama. Saboda yawan amfanin da ake samu daga gare shi, noman rake ya zama wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen shiga ga manoma, masana’antu da gwamnatoci.
Babbar gudummawar rake ga tattalin arziki ita ce kasancewarsa babban tushen samar da sukari a duniya. Kimanin kashi tamanin cikin ɗari na sukarin da ake amfani da shi a duniya ana samar da shi ne daga rake. Wannan ya sa noman rake ya zama ginshiƙi ga masana’antun sukari a ƙasashe da dama.
Noman rake da sarrafa shi na samar da ayyukan yi ga miliyoyin mutane. Manoma, masu jigilar kaya, ma’aikatan masana’antun sukari, masu sayar da kayan noma da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki duk suna cin gajiyar wannan sana’a. Hakan na taimakawa wajen rage rashin aikin yi da inganta rayuwar al’umma.
Rake na samar da albarkatun ƙasa ga masana’antu da dama. Ana amfani da shi wajen samar da sukari, ethanol, molasses da sauran kayayyakin abinci. Haka kuma, ragowar karansa (wato tukar) na zama albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da takarda, kwali da kuma samar da wutar lantarki, abin da ke ƙara darajar amfanin gona da rage asarar albarkatu.
Rake na daga cikin tsirran da ake noma masu matuƙar muhimmanci ga rayuwar ɗan Adam da tattalin arzikin duniya. Baya ga kasancewarsa babban tushen samar da sukari, ana amfani da shi wajen samar da abubuwan sha, ethanol, takarda, makamashi da sauran kayayyakin masana’antu. Haka kuma, yana ɗauke da wasu sinadaran gina jiki da ke ba shi amfani a matsayin abinci idan aka ci ko aka sha ruwansa cikin daidaito.
Noman rake na ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ayyukan yi, bunƙasa masana’antu da ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin ƙasashe masu noma. Saboda haka, amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin noma, kariya daga cututtuka da ƙwari, da kuma inganta hanyoyin sarrafa rake na da muhimmanci domin ƙara yawan amfanin gona, rage asara da tabbatar da dorewar wannan muhimmin albarkatun noma.
Manazarta
BBC News Hausa. (2023, December 31). Muhimmancin rake ga lafiyar ɗan adam.
Cirad. (2023, December 21). Plant and uses. CIRAD.
WebMD Editorial Contributor. (2023, March 23). Cane sugar: Are there health benefits? WebMD.
Sharuɗɗan Editoci
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