Iceland ƙasa ce ta tsibiri da ke Arewacin turai, tana tsakanin tekun North Atlantic Ocean da kuma tekun Arctic Ocean. Har ila yau, tana kusa da ƙasar Greenland a yamma, sannan tana arewa maso yammacin Birtaniya. Iceland tana kan Mid-Atlantic Ridge, wato yankin da ƙasar Arewacin Amurka da na Eurasia suke rabuwa. Iceland tana da faɗin ƙasa sosai, kuma tana daga cikin ƙasashen turai masu ƙarancin yawan jama’a. Babban birninta kuma birni mafi girma shi ne Reykjavík.
Yanayin ƙasa da muhalli
Kamar yadda ya gabata, Iceland ƙasa ce ta tsibiri da ke arewacin turai, tana tsakanin tekun Atlantika ta Arewa da tekun Arctic, kuma tana a gabashin Greenland, yayin da babban tsibirin Iceland yake kusan gaba ɗaya a kudancin da’irar Arctic Circle. Ƙananan tsibirin Grímsey ne ya taɓa Arctic Circle ɗin.
Iceland tana da nisan kusan 103,125 km², abin da ya sa ta zama tsibiri na biyu mafi girma a turai, bayan Great Britain. Tana da gaɓar teku mai tsawo wadda ke da rairayin bakin teku, gulfs da kuma fjords masu yawa, musamman a arewa da yamma.
A fannin girman ƙasa kuwa, Iceland tana kan babban tsaunin da ke ƙarƙashin tekun Atlantika inda North American Plate da Eurasian Plate suke rabuwa. Wannan ne daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka sa Iceland ta kasance ƙasa mai yawan aman wuta da girgizar ƙasa.
Yanayin ƙasar ya bambanta sosai daga bakin teku zuwa tsakiyar ƙasar. Yankunan bakin teku, musamman kudu da yamma, su ne wuraren da aka fi samun filayen da suka dace da zama. Amma tsakiyar Iceland yana da manyan tsaunuka da tuddai masu tsawo, filayen lava, yashi da kankara, kuma ba a samun mazauna a can.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bambanta yanayin ƙasar shi ne yadda ƙanƙara da aman wuta suke kasancewa tare a wuri guda. Mafi girman tsayin ƙasar yana a Hvannadalshnúkur, wanda yake a yankin Öræfajökull a kudu maso gabashin Iceland; tsayinsa ya kai kusan mita 2,110–2,119 a matakin teku.
Al’umma da harshe
Al’ummomi
Al’ummar Iceland ta samo asali ne daga mutanen Norse da suka fara zama a tsibirin a ƙarshen ƙarni na tara, tare da tasirin mutanen Celtic daga Ireland da Scotland. A tsawon tarihi kuma, an samu ƙarin baƙi daga ƙasashen turai da sauran sassan duniya, wanda ya sa al’ummar Iceland ta ƙara zama mai bambancen asali.
Harsuna
Icelandic (Íslenska) shi ne harshen ƙasa kuma harshen da aka fi amfani da shi a Iceland. Yana cikin rukunin harsunan Arewacin Jamusanci wato North Germanic languages, tare da Norwegian, Danish, Swedish da Faroese.
Icelandic ya samo asali ne daga tsohon harshen Old Norse, harshen da mutanen Scandinavia suka zo da shi lokacin da aka fara zama a Iceland. Saboda yanayin tarihin Iceland da kuma yadda al’ummar tsibirin suka kasance cikin ƙarancin yawan jama’a na dogon lokaci, harshen ya riƙe abubuwa da dama daga Old Norse fiye da sauran harsunan Scandinavia.
Addini da al’adu
Addinai
Addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin al’ummar Iceland tun daga lokacin da mutanen Norse suka fara zama a ƙasar. A farkon zamanin ƙasar, yawancin mazauna Iceland suna bin tsohon addinin Norse, wanda ya ƙunshi bautar gumaka da alloli kamar Odin, Thor da Freyja.
A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma, Iceland ta samu babban sauyi na addini. A shekara ta 1000, a lokacin taron Alþingi, aka yanke shawarar amincewa da Kiristanci a matsayin addinin ƙasar, bayan tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin al’umma. Duk da haka, an ba waɗanda suke bin tsohon addinin Norse damar ci gaba da wasu al’adunsu a ɓoye na ɗan lokaci.
A zamanin yau, Kiristanci, musamman Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland, yana da matsayi na musamman a tarihin da al’ummar ƙasar, kuma kundin tsarin mulkin Iceland ya ba da kariya ga ‘yancin addini.
Al’adu
Al’adun Iceland sun samo asali ne daga tarihin Norse, rayuwar tsibiri, harshen Icelandic, adabin ƙasar da kuma yanayin ƙasar. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka shahara a al’adun Iceland shi ne Sagas na Icelanders. Waɗannan tsoffin rubuce-rubuce ne da ke ba da labarai game da mutanen da suka zauna a Iceland da dangantakarsu, rikice-rikicensu da abubuwan da suka faru a farkon zamanin ƙasar. Sagas sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin adabin Iceland kuma suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta al’adunta.
Bukukuwa
Iceland kuma tana da bukukuwa da al’adun gargajiya da dama. Daga cikin manyan bukukuwan akwai Þorrablót, wani biki na gargajiya ne da ake yi a lokacin hunturu, wanda ya samo tushe daga tsoffin al’adun Norse.
Wani muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar Iceland shi ne wanka a cikin ruwan zafi na geothermal. Saboda yawan maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi da makamashin geothermal, wuraren wanka masu zafi sun zama wani ɓangare na al’adar zamantakewa da nishaɗin mutanen Iceland. Haka kuma, Kirsimeti, Easter da sauran bukukuwan Kiristanci suna da matsayi a cikin kalandar al’umma, yayin da bukukuwan ƙasa kamar National Day of Iceland, wanda ake yi a ranar 17 ga Yuni, ke tunawa da haihuwar Jón Sigurðsson, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar samun ‘yancin Iceland.
Tarihin kafuwar Iceland
Tarihin Iceland ya fara ne tun kafin a kafa ƙasar a matsayin jiha. Wasu majiyoyin tarihi sun nuna cewa malaman addinin Irish sun riga sun isa tsibirin kafin zuwan mazauna Norse, ko da yake ba a da cikakken bayani kan tsawon zaman da suka yi a wurin. A ƙarshen ƙarni na tara, mutanen Norse, musamman daga Norway, suka fara zama a Iceland. Ingólfur Arnarson ana yawan ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa matsugunin farko na dindindin a Reykjavík a kusan shekara ta 874.
A shekara ta 930, aka kafa Alþingi, wato babban taron majalisar da ya haɗa shugabannin al’ummomin Iceland. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin majalisa da har yanzu suke aiki a duniya. A farkon wannan tsarin, Iceland ba ta da sarki ko gwamnatin ƙasa irin na zamani, kawai dai al’umma sun dogara ne kan tsarin dokoki da shugabannin yankuna.
A ƙarni na 13, rikice-rikicen siyasa da yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin manyan iyalai suka raunana tsohon tsarin Iceland. A ƙarshe, a 1262 zuwa 1264, Iceland ta shiga yarjejeniyar da ta sanya ta ƙarƙashin ikon Masarautar Norway. Daga baya, lokacin da Denmark da Norway suka shiga haɗin masarauta, Iceland ta koma ƙarƙashin masarautar Denmark.
A ƙarni na 18, Iceland ta fuskanci manyan matsaloli da suka haɗa da faɗan yanayi, yunwa, cututtuka da aman wuta. Daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi yin tasiri akwai aman wutar Laki na shekarar 1783, wanda ya haifar da mummunar illa ga noma, dabbobi da lafiyar jama’a.
A ƙarni na 19, yunƙurin samun ƴancin kai daga Denmark ya ƙaru. Jón Sigurðsson ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jagororin wannan fafutuka. A shekara ta 1874, Iceland ta samu kundin tsarin mulkinta na farko, sannan a 1904 ta samu tsarin mulkin kai na cikin gida mai faɗi.
A shekara ta 1918, an rattaba hannu kan Act of Union, wanda ya amince da Iceland a matsayin ƙasa mai ikon kanta wadda har yanzu tana da sarki guda da Denmark. Bayan shekaru na ƙarin fafutukar samun cikakken ‘yanci, Iceland ta zama jamhuriya mai cikakken ƴanci a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1944.
Tsarin mulki
Iceland jamhuriya ce mai tsarin dimokuraɗiyyar majalisa. Wannan na nufin cewa ikon gudanar da ƙasa yana dogara ne da kundin tsarin mulki, dokoki da zaɓen da jama’a suke yi. Kundin tsarin mulkin Iceland shi ne Constitution of the Republic of Iceland, wanda aka fara aiki da shi a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1944, ranar da Iceland ta zama jamhuriya mai cikakken ƴanci.
A tsarin mulkin Iceland, Shugaban ƙasa shi ne jagoran da ke mulkin ƙasa, amma yawancin ikon gudanar da harkokin yau da kullum yana hannun Gwamnati da Prime Ministera. Shugaban ƙasa ana zaɓensa kai tsaye daga jama’a, yayin da Firayim Minista yake jagorantar gwamnati.
Alþingi (Althingi) ita ce majalisar dokokin ƙasar. Ita ce ke yin dokoki, ta amince da kasafin kuɗin ƙasa, kuma tana sa ido kan ayyukan gwamnati. Majalisar kuma tana da kujeru 63, kuma ana zaɓar mambobinta ne ta hanyar zaɓen jama’a.
Tsarin shari’a na Iceland yana da kotuna masu zaman kansu, kuma kotu mafi girma ita ce Supreme Court of Iceland. Akwai kuma kotunan matakin farko da kuma Court of Appeal da ke tsakanin kotunan farko da Kotun Ƙoli.
Tattalin arziki
Tattalin arzikin Iceland yana daga cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasashen turai masu babban matsayi na rayuwa. Ƙasar tana da tattalin arzikin yawon buɗe ido, kuma tana da alaƙa ta sosai da sauran ƙasashen taurai ta hanyar European Economic Area (EEA). Duk da kasancewarta ƙaramar ƙasa mai yawan jama’a kaɗan, Iceland ta gina tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi wanda ya dogara da hanyoyin da suka haɗa da:
Kamun kifi
Kamun kifi da sarrafa kayayyakin teku sun kasance ginshiƙan tattalin arzikin Iceland tun tsawon lokaci. Kasancewar ƙasar tana tsakiyar tekun Atlantika, mai yalwar albarkatun kifaye, ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa masana’antar kamun kifi. Iceland tana fitar da kifaye da kayayyakin da aka fitar daga teku zuwa kasuwannin ƙasashen waje.
Makamashi
Makamashin geothermal da na ruwa wato hydropower ma suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Iceland tana da albarkatun makamashi masu yawa saboda yanayin ƙasarta na volcanic da glaciers. Ana amfani da geothermal energy wajen samar da wutar lantarki da dumama gidaje, yayin da hydropower ke samar da babban ɓangare na wutar lantarkin ƙasar.
Aluminum
Masana’antar aluminum ita ma tana daga cikin manyan masana’antun Iceland. Yawan samun wutar lantarki daga hydropower da geothermal ya taimaka wajen jawo masana’antun da ke amfani da makamashi mai yawa, musamman masana’antar aluminum.
Yawon buɗe ido
A shekarun baya-bayan nan, yawancin yawon buɗe ido ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikin Iceland. Kyawawan wuraren ƙasar kamar glaciers, volcanoes, waterfalls, geysers, hot springs da Northern Lights suna jawo baƙi daga sassa daban-daban na duniya.
Muhimmancin Iceland a duniya
Duk da cewa Iceland ƙaramar ƙasa ce kuma tana da ƙarancin yawan jama’a, hakan bai hana ta rawar takawa a wasu fannoni na duniya ba.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ba Iceland muhimmanci shi ne kasancewarta tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da turai ya sa take da babban matsayi a harkokin sufuri, tsaro da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen yankin Arewacin Atlantika. Iceland mamba ce ta NATO tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1949.
A fannin sauyin yanayi da binciken muhalli, Iceland tana da muhimmanci saboda yanayin ƙasarta na musamman. Kasancewar glaciers, volcanoes da tekuna suna kusa da juna yana ba masana kimiyya damar nazarin sauyin yanayi, narkewar kankara, aman wuta da sauye-sauyen teku.
Iceland tana kuma da muhimmiyar rawar takawa wajen kula da albarkatun teku. Saboda dogon tarihi na kamun kifi, ƙasar ta samar da kwararrun hanyoyi wajen kula da albarkatun kifaye da tsarin daidaita kamun kifi.
A fannin yawun buɗe ido, Iceland ta zama ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suka shahara a duniya. Volcanoes, glaciers, waterfalls, geothermal springs da Northern Lights suna jawo miliyoyin masu ziyara.
Haka kuma, Iceland ta samu suna a duniya saboda dimokuraɗiyya, daidaiton jinsi da tsarin jin daɗin jama’a. Ta kasance cikin ƙasashen da ake yawan ambata a rahotannin duniya kan waɗannan fannoni, musamman wajen ci gaban mata da maza da kuma shiga harkokin siyasa.
Matsaloli da ƙalubale
Duk da cewa Iceland tana daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa da tattalin arziki, sai dai tana fuskantar wasu matsaloli da suka zama ƙalubale ga ƙasar:
Wutar daji da girgizar ƙasa
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen Iceland shi ne aman wuta da girgizar ƙasa. Kamar yadda ya gabata, ƙasar tana kan yankin da North American Plate da Eurasian Plate suke rabuwa, kuma tana da yawan volcanoes masu aiki. Wannan ke haifar da lava, toka, girgizar ƙasa da kuma lalata ababen more rayuwa da gidaje.
Sauyin yanayi
Sauyin yanayi ma babban ƙalubale ne. Haɓakar yanayin duniya na iya sa glaciers na Iceland su ci gaba da raguwa, lamarin da zai iya shafar koguna, tsarin ruwa da yanayin ƙasar. Sauyin yanayi kuma na iya sauya yanayin teku da kuma albarkatun kifaye waɗanda ke da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin ƙasar.
Tsadar rayuwa
Iceland tana fuskantar ƙalubalen gidaje da tsadar rayuwa, musamman a Reykjavík da yankunan da ke kewaye da babban birnin. Ƙarancin gidaje da hauhawar farashin gidaje sun kasance batutuwa masu muhimmanci ga jama’a da gwamnati.
Ƙarancin yawan ma’aikata
Ƙarancin yawan jama’a da ƙarancin ma’aikata a wasu fannoni ma na cikin ƙalubalen da Iceland ke fuskanta, wasu sassa na tattalin arziki na fuskantar ƙarancin ma’aikata, musamman idan aka samu bunƙasar wasu masana’antu. Haka kuma, tattalin arzikin ƙasar yana da ƙarancin kasuwar cikin gida, saboda ƙarancin yawan jama’a. Wannan yana sa kasuwancin ƙasar ya dogara sosai da kasuwannin duniya.
Baƙi
Yawon buɗe ido wanda ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikin ƙasar shi ma yana kawo wasu matsaloli. Yawan masu yawon buɗe ido a wasu lokuta yana ƙara matsin lamba kan muhalli, hanyoyi, wuraren tarihi da sauran ababen more rayuwa.
Jerin shuwagabannin Iceland tun daga farko
- Sveinn Björnsson: Shi ne shugaban farko na Jamhuriyar Iceland. Alþingi ta zaɓe shi a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1944, lokacin da aka kafa jamhuriyar. Daga baya aka sake zaɓensa ba tare da hamayya ba a 1945 da 1949. Ya rasu yana kan mulki a shekarar 1952.
- Ásgeir Ásgeirsson: Shi ne shugaban Iceland na biyu. An zaɓe shi a shekarar 1952, sannan aka sake zaɓensa ba tare da hamayya ba a 1956, 1960 da 1964. Ya bar mulki a shekarar 1968.
- Kristján Eldjárn: Shi ne shugaban Iceland na uku. An zaɓe shi a shekarar 1968, sannan aka sake zaɓensa ba tare da hamayya ba a 1972 da 1976. Kafin ya zama shugaban ƙasa, ya yi fice a fannin ilimin tarihi da archaeology kuma ya kasance shugaban National Museum of Iceland.
- Vigdís Finnbogadóttir: Vigdís ita ce shugabar Iceland ta huɗu, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar ƙasa ta hanyar zaɓen jama’a a duniya. An zaɓe ta a shekarar 1980, sannan aka sake zaɓenta a 1984, 1988 da 1992. Ta bar mulki a 1996 bayan shekaru 16.
- Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson: Shi ne shugaban Iceland na biyar. Ya yi wa’adin mulki har sau biyar, inda ya jagoranci ƙasar daga 1996 zuwa 2016. Bayan shekaru 20 a kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa, ya bar mulki a shekarar 2016.
- Guðni Th. Jóhannesson: Shi ne shugaban Iceland na shida. An zaɓe shi a shekarar 2016, sannan aka sake zaɓensa a 2020. Ya bar kujerar shugaban ƙasa a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2024, bayan ya yi shekaru takwas a kan mulki.
- Halla Tómasdóttir: Halla Tómasdóttir ita ce shugabar Iceland ta bakwai kuma shugabar ƙasar a yanzu. Ta lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2024 da kusan kashi 34% na ƙuri’un da aka kada, sannan ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2024. Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta zama shugabar Iceland, bayan Vigdís Finnbogadóttir.
Manazarta
Met Office (n.d.) Volcanic activity in Iceland. Met Office.
Iceland, N. (n.d.). Historic places. Visit North Iceland.
Geography. (2021, February 10). Iceland Geography.
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