Siranta wata siffar jiki ce da ke bayyana lokacin da mutum yake da ƙarancin kitse a jikinsa, wanda ke sa tsarin jikinsa ya bayyana siriri idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin nauyin jiki. A harshen Turanci ana kiran wannan yanayi da slim body ko lean body. Wannan yanayi ba cuta ba ce kai tsaye, sai dai wata siffa ta jiki da ke iya kasancewa ta halitta ko kuma ta samo asali daga tsarin rayuwar mutum, irin abincin da yake ci, yawan motsa jiki, ko kuma wani lokaci sakamakon wasu matsalolin lafiya da ke shafar jiki.
A ilimin lafiyar jiki, siranta tana daga cikin abin da ake kira body composition, wato yadda jiki yake rarraba kitse, tsoka, ruwa, da sauran sinadarai a cikin tsarin jiki. Wannan yana nufin cewa siranta ba kawai batun nauyi ba ne, amma tana danganta da yadda jiki yake gina kansa da kuma yadda yake amfani da kuzari. Wasu mutane suna rayuwa da siranta ta halitta tun daga haihuwa har zuwa girma ba tare da wata matsala ba, yayin da wasu kuma siranta na iya zama alamar cewa jiki ba ya samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki ko kuma akwai wata matsala ta lafiya da ke hana jiki yin aiki yadda ya kamata.
Ma’anar siranta
Siranta tana nufin yanayin da jikin mutum yake da ƙarancin kitse da nauyi idan aka kwatanta da tsawon jiki, gado, ko tsarin halittarsa. Wannan yana nufin cewa mutum yana da ƙaramin adadin kitse a jiki, kuma jikinsa yana bayyana siriri ko marar nauyi sosai idan aka kwatanta da wasu mutane.
A wasu lokuta, mutane suna danganta siranta da “ƙaramin jiki” ko “rashin ƙiba”, amma a fannin kimiyya ana kallon siranta ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban. Akwai siranta ta lafiya, wanda take nufin mutum yana da daidaiton jiki duk da ƙarancin kitse, yana da ƙarfi, kuzari, da lafiyayyen tsarin rayuwa. A gefe guda kuma akwai siranta ta cuta lafiya, wanda yake nuna cewa jiki ba ya samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, ko kuma akwai wata cuta da ke hana jiki yin aiki yadda ya kamata.
Siranta ta lafiya yawanci tana kasancewa sakamakon daidaiton abinci da motsa jiki, inda jiki ke kona kuzari yadda ya kamata ba tare da tara kitse mai yawa ba. Amma siranta ta cuta tana iya bayyana ta hanyar rauni, gajiya, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, ko kuma matsalolin narkewar abinci da ke hana jiki tsotse sinadarai masu muhimmanci.
Bambanci tsakanin siranta da ƙiba
Siranta da ƙiba suna wakiltar bangarori biyu masu bambanci sosai a tsarin jikin ɗan Adam. Ƙiba tana nufin yanayin da jiki ke tara kitse fiye da kima, wanda ke sa mutum ya yi nauyi kuma jikinsa ya bayyana da faɗi ko mai cika. Wannan yanayi na ƙiba yana da alaƙa da ƙarin haɗarin wasu cututtuka kamar hawan jini, ciwon siga, matsalolin zuciya, da kuma wasu cututtukan da ke shafar tsarin rayuwa gabaɗaya.
A gefe guda kuma, siranta tana nufin ƙarancin kitse a jiki. Duk da cewa siranta na iya zama mai lafiya idan tana cikin daidaito, idan ta wuce kima ta koma matsananciya, tana iya zama alamar rashin lafiya. Mutum mai siranta mai tsanani na iya rasa ƙarfi, ya yi saurin gajiya, kuma jikinsa ya kasa yin aiki yadda ya kamata saboda rashin isasshen kitse da sinadaran gina jiki.
A fannin likitanci, ana amfani da tsarin da ake kira Body Mass Index (BMI) wajen tantance matsayin jikin mutum. Wannan tsarin yana auna dangantakar nauyi da tsawon jiki domin a gane ko mutum yana da ƙiba, daidaito, ko siranta. Wannan hanya tana taimakawa wajen fahimtar lafiyar jiki ta hanyar kimiyya ba tare da dogaro da gani kawai ba.
Nau’o’in siranta
Siranta ta lafiya
Siranta tana iya bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma ba kowace siranta ce take da dalili ɗaya ba. A wasu lokuta siranta tana kasancewa ta halitta, wato mutum yana da ita tun daga haihuwa ko kuma sakamakon tsarin halittar iyali. Irin wannan siranta yawanci ba ta haifar da matsala ga lafiya, domin jiki yana aiki yadda ya kamata duk da ƙarancin kitse. Mutanen da ke da irin wannan siranta suna iya kasancewa masu ƙarfi da lafiya idan abincinsu da rayuwarsu suna da daidaito.
Siranta ta cuta
A gefe guda kuma akwai siranta ta rashin lafiya, wanda ke faruwa idan jiki bai samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki ko kuma yana fama da wata matsala ta lafiya. Wannan nau’in siranta yana iya kasancewa sakamakon cututtuka da ke shafar narkewar abinci, kamar matsalolin hanji da ke hana jiki tsotsar sinadarai masu muhimmanci. Haka kuma cututtuka kamar ciwon hanta, ciwon ciki na dogon lokaci, ko wasu cututtukan da ke raunana jiki na iya haifar da raguwar nauyi da siranta mai tsanani.
A irin wannan yanayi, siranta ba kawai siffar jiki ba ce, alama ce ta cewa akwai wani abu da ba daidai ba a cikin tsarin lafiyar mutum. Wannan shi ya sa likitoci ke yawan bincike sosai idan mutum yana da siranta mai tsanani ba tare da wani dalili na halitta ba.
Dalilan samuwar siranta
Siranta na iya samuwa saboda dalilai masu yawa da suka shafi halitta, rayuwa, abinci, da lafiya. A wasu mutane, siranta yana faruwa ne saboda tsarin halittarsu, inda jikinsu ke da saurin ƙona kuzari da kitse fiye da sauran mutane. Wannan yanayi da ake kira “fast metabolism” yana sa jiki ya riƙa amfani da abinci cikin sauri ba tare da tara kitse mai yawa ba. Saboda haka, irin waɗannan mutane suna kasancewa sirara duk da suna cin abinci yadda ya kamata.
A wasu lokuta kuma, siranta yana da alaƙa da tsarin rayuwar mutum. Mutanen da ke yawan motsa jiki ko aikin mai nauyi suna ƙona kuzari da kitse fiye da yadda suke tara shi. Wannan yana sa jikinsu ya kasance siriri kuma mai ƙarfi a lokaci guda. Haka kuma wasu mutane suna bin tsarin abinci mai sauƙi wanda ke rage taruwar kitse a jiki.
Sai dai siranta ba koyaushe take da alaƙa da lafiya mai kyau ba. A wasu lokuta, tana iya kasancewa sakamakon rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, inda jiki ba ya samun sinadaran da yake buƙata domin gina tsoka da kitse mai lafiya. Wannan yanayi na iya sa mutum ya yi rauni, ya rasa ƙarfi, kuma jikinsa ya zama mai sauƙin kamuwa da cututtuka.
Haka kuma, wasu cututtuka na iya haifar da siranta. Matsalolin narkewar abinci na dogon lokaci na iya hana jiki tsotsar sinadaran abinci yadda ya kamata, wanda ke jawo raguwar nauyi. Haka kuma cututtuka kamar ciwon ciki mai tsanani, cututtukan hanji, ko kamuwa da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rage nauyin jiki a hankali har ya kai ga siranta mai tsanani. Wannan yana nuna cewa siranta wani lokaci alama ce ta cewa jiki yana fama da wata matsala ta ciki da ke buƙatar kulawa ta likita.
Alaƙar abinci da siranta
Abinci yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade yadda jikin mutum zai kasance, ko mai siranta ne ko mai ƙiba. Tsarin abincin da mutum ke bi a kullum yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga yadda jiki ke tara kitse, gina tsoka, da kuma amfani da kuzari. Mutanen da ke da siranta galibi suna bin tsarin cin abinci mai sauƙi, ko kuma suna da saurin narkewar abinci wanda ke sa jikinsu ya ƙona kuzari cikin gaggawa fiye da yadda yake adanawa.
Abinci mai gina jiki kamar nama, ƙwai, wake, hatsi, madara, da kayan lambu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jiki da kuma taimakawa wajen daidaita nauyin jiki. Wadannan abinci suna ɗauke da furotin, carbohydrates, bitamin, da ma’adanai waɗanda suke taimakawa wajen gina tsoka, ƙarfafa ƙashi, da inganta aikin gabobin jiki. Idan mutum mai siranta yana cin irin wannan abinci yadda ya kamata, jikinsa zai iya kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya duk da ƙarancin kitse.
Sai dai idan mutum baya cin abinci mai kyau ko yana tsallake abinci akai-akai, siranta na iya ƙaruwa fiye da kima har ya kai ga matsalar lafiya. Rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki yana sa jiki ya fara amfani da ajiyar kitse da tsoka domin samun kuzari, wanda a hankali ke rage nauyin jiki sosai. Wannan yana iya shafar lafiyar gaba ɗaya, ya rage ƙarfi, ya jawo gajiya, kuma ya sa jiki ya zama mai rauni.
Alaƙar siranta da lafiya
Siranta na iya kasancewa wani yanayi mai alaƙa da lafiya mai kyau idan jiki yana cikin daidaito kuma yana samun dukkan sinadaran da yake buƙata domin gudanar da ayyukansa. A irin wannan hali, mutum mai siranta ba ya fuskantar wata matsala ta lafiya, domin jikinsa yana aiki yadda ya kamata, yana samun kuzari, yana da ƙarfi, kuma tsarin garkuwar jikinsa yana iya kare shi daga cututtuka. Irin wannan siranta yawanci tana fitowa ne daga daidaiton abinci, motsa jiki na yau da kullum, da kuma tsarin rayuwa mai kyau wanda ke taimaka wa jiki ya kula da nauyinsa ba tare da tara kitse mai yawa ba.
Sai dai kuma, idan siranta ta wuce kima, wato ta zama mai tsanani, tana iya fara jawo matsaloli masu yawa a jiki. A irin wannan yanayi, jiki ba ya samun isasshen sinadaran gina jiki kamar furotin, bitamin, da ma’adanai, waɗanda suke da muhimmanci wajen gina tsoka da kare lafiyar gabobin jiki. Wannan na iya haifar da raunin garkuwar jiki, inda mutum ke yawan kamuwa da cututtuka saboda jikin sa ba shi da ƙarfin kare kansa. Haka kuma ana iya samun gajiya mai yawa, rashin ƙarfi wajen yin ayyukan yau da kullum, da kuma jinkirin warkewar raunuka idan an ji rauni.
A wasu lokuta, siranta mai tsanani tana iya nuna cewa akwai wata matsala ta lafiya a jiki, musamman idan yana tare da rashin cin abinci, ciwon ciki, ko matsalolin narkewar abinci. Wannan ya sa likitoci ke ɗaukar siranta mai tsanani a matsayin abin da ke buƙatar bincike domin gano ko akwai wata cuta da ke haddasa shi.
Siranta a al’ada da rayuwar jama’a
A al’adu daban-daban, siranta tana da fassara iri-iri dangane da yadda mutane ke kallon jiki mai kyau. A wasu al’ummomi, musamman a tsakanin matasa, ana kallon siranta a matsayin alamar kyawun jiki, lafiya, da tsaftataccen tsarin rayuwa. A irin wannan fahimta, mutum mai siranta ana iya ganin shi a matsayin mai salo ko kuma mai kula da lafiyar jikinsa.
A gefe guda kuma, akwai al’ummomi da ke kallon siranta a matsayin alamar rashin lafiya, talauci, ko rashin samun isasshen abinci. Wannan bambancin fahimta yana nuna cewa siranta ba kawai batun kimiyyar lafiya ba ne, har ila yau yana da alaƙa da al’adu, zamantakewa, da yadda mutane ke fassara kamannin jiki.
Wannan bambancin ra’ayi yana iya shafar yadda mutane ke kula da jikinsu ko yadda suke neman magani idan suna ganin siranta ya wuce kima. Saboda haka, ilimi da wayar da kai suna da muhimmanci wajen taimaka wa al’umma su fahimci cewa siranta ba koyaushe yake nufin rashin lafiya ba, amma kuma yana iya zama alamar matsala idan ya fita daga daidaito.
Hanyoyin kula da siranta
Idan siranta tana da yawa fiye da kima har yana shafar lafiyar mutum, akwai hanyoyi da za a bi domin daidaita shi. Abu na farko shi ne tabbatar da cewa mutum yana cin abinci mai gina jiki a kai a kai ba tare da tsallake abinci ba. Cin abinci mai ɗauke da furotin da carbohydrates yana taimakawa wajen ƙara ƙarfi da gina tsoka a jiki.
Haka kuma ƙara abinci mai gina jiki kamar nama, ƙwai, wake, madara, da hatsi na iya taimakawa wajen daidaita nauyin jiki cikin lokaci. Rage damuwa da samun isasshen hutu yana da muhimmanci domin damuwa na iya shafar sha’awar cin abinci da kuma yadda jiki ke amfani da kuzari.
Idan ana zargin cewa siranta tana da alaƙa da wata cuta, yin gwajin lafiya yana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin gano ainihin musabbabi. A irin wannan yanayi, shawarwarin likita ko mai gina jiki (nutritionist) suna da amfani sosai domin samar da tsarin kula da lafiya mai dacewa da jikin mutum.
Siranta wani yanayi ne na jiki da ke nuna ƙarancin kitse a jiki, kuma yana iya kasancewa na halitta ko sakamakon rayuwa da lafiya. Ba cuta ba ce kai tsaye, amma yana iya zama alamar matsala idan ya wuce kima. Fahimtar siranta yana taimakawa wajen bambance tsakanin lafiyayyen jiki da wanda ke bukatar kulawa ta musamman. Saboda haka, kiyaye daidaiton abinci da rayuwa mai kyau shi ne ginshiƙi na samun jiki mai lafiya, ko mai siranta ko mai ƙiba.
Manazarta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Healthy weight, nutrition, and physical activity. CDCP.
Cleveland Clinic. (2024). Body mass index (BMI): What it is and how to use it. Cleveland Clinic.
National Health Service (NHS). (2023). Overview: Underweight adults. NHS.
World Health Organization. (2022). Obesity and overweight. WHO.
Sharuɗɗan Editoci
Duk maƙalun da ku ka karanta a wannan taska ta Bakandamiya, marubuta, manazarta da editocinmu ne suka rubuta tare da sa idon kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙwararru. Kuma kowace maƙala da aka buga ta bi muhimman matakai na tantancewa don ganin cewa bayanan dake cikinta sun inganta.
Idan kuma an ga wani kuskure a cikin kowace maƙalarmu, a sanar da mu. Za mu yi bincike sannan mu gyara gwargwadon fahimtarmu.