Ruthenium sinadari ne na ƙarfe mai alamar Ru da lambar atomic 44 a jadawalin sinadarai. Yana cikin rukunin transition metals, kuma yana daga cikin jerin sinadarai guda shida da ake kira platinum group metals (PGMs), waɗanda suka haɗa da ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, da platinum. Waɗannan sinadarai suna da wasu siffofi na gamayya, kamar jure lalacewa, ƙarfi, da kuma kasancewa masu muhimmanci a masana’antu da kimiyyar zamani.
Ruthenium ƙarfe ne mai launin azurfa mai ɗan haske wanda yake da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana iya jure matsanancin zafi da lalacewa. Duk da cewa ba ya cikin sinadaran da ake samu da yawa a doron ƙasa, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci saboda siffofinsa na musamman. Yana da ƙarfi jure lalacewa daga iska, ruwa, da yawancin sinadarai, wanda ya sa ya dace da amfani a wuraren da ke buƙatar kayan da za su daɗe ba tare da sun lalace ba.
Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ba wa Ruthenium muhimmanci shi ne ƙarfin da yake da shi na yin aiki a matsayin sinadarin da ke taimakawa wajen hanzarta faruwar hulɗar sinadarai ba tare da shi kansa ya lalace ba. Wannan ya sa ake amfani da shi sosai a masana’antar sinadarai, musamman wajen samar da wasu muhimman sinadarai da kuma tace man fetur.
Haka kuma Ruthenium yana da muhimmanci a fannin kayayyakin lantarki. Ana amfani da shi wajen ƙera ƙananan na’urorin zamani, microchips, da kuma wasu na’urorin ajiyar bayanai saboda yana da kyakkyawan tsarin lantarki da kuma jure lalacewa. A wasu lokuta kuma ana haɗa shi da sauran ƙarafa kamar platinum da palladium domin ƙara musu ƙarfi da jurewa.
A fannin binciken kimiyya, Ruthenium yana taka muhimmiyar rawa saboda yana samar da nau’o’in compounds masu yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen nazarin chemical bonding, catalysis, da kuma wasu fannoni masu zurfi na kimiyya. Haka kuma akwai wasu compounds na Ruthenium da ake nazari a fannin likitanci domin yiwuwar amfani da su wajen magance wasu nau’o’in cutar daji.
Tarihin gano ruthenium
Tarihin gano Ruthenium yana da ban sha’awa kuma yana ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin a tabbatar da shi a matsayin cikakken sinadari. A farkon ƙarni na goma sha tara, masana kimiyya sun riga sun gano wasu sinadarai daga cikin platinum group metals, amma har yanzu akwai wasu abubuwa a cikin platinum ore da ba a iya tantancewa sosai ba.
A shekarar 1827, wani masanin kimiyya ɗan ƙasar Jamus mai suna Gottfried Wilhelm Osann ya yi bincike a kan platinum ore da aka kawo daga yankin Ural Mountains na ƙasar Rasha. A yayin binciken nasa, ya yi zargin cewa akwai wasu sabbin sinadarai guda uku a cikin ma’adinan. Ya ba ɗaya daga cikinsu suna Ruthenium, amma bai samu isasshiyar hujja da za ta tabbatar da wanzuwarsa ba. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya ba su amince da wannan ikirari nasa ba.
Shekaru da dama bayan haka, wani masanin kimiyya ɗan ƙasar Rasha mai suna Karl Ernst Claus ya ci gaba da binciken platinum ore daga yankin Ural. Claus ya kasance masani ne a fannin sinadarai kuma malami a jami’a, wanda ya shahara wajen nazarin platinum group metals.
A shekarar 1844, Claus ya samu nasarar ware wani sabon sinadari daga ragowar platinum ore bayan ya yi jerin gwaje-gwaje masu rikitarwa. Ya tabbatar cewa wannan sabon sinadari yana da siffofi na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta shi da sauran ƙarafa. Bayan samun cikakkiyar hujja, ya yanke shawarar ba shi suna Ruthenium.
An samo sunan Ruthenium ne daga kalmar Latin “Ruthenia”, wadda ita ce tsohon sunan yankunan Gabashin Turai, musamman yankin da ya haɗa da Rasha da wasu ƙasashe maƙwabta. Claus ya zaɓi wannan suna ne domin girmama ƙasarsa da kuma yankin da aka samo ma’adinan da ya gano sinadarin daga cikinsu.
Bayan gano Ruthenium, bincike ya ci gaba a kansa a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin. Masana sun fara gano cewa yana da matuƙar jure lalacewa da zafi, kuma yana iya samar da compounds masu amfani a catalysis da sauran fannoni na kimiyya.
A ƙarni na ashirin, da cigaban fasahar lantarki da masana’antu, darajar Ruthenium ta ƙaru sosai. An gano cewa idan aka haɗa shi da platinum ko palladium, yana ƙara musu ƙarfi da jure lalacewa. Haka kuma an fara amfani da shi a microelectronics, hard disk drives, da wasu kayayyakin aiki masu amfani sosai. A yau, Ruthenium yana daga cikin muhimman sinadarai na platinum group metals, kuma yana da muhimmiyar rawa a masana’antu, kimiyya, da kuma wasu fannoni na bincike na zamani.
Siffofin ruthenium
Ruthenium yana da siffofi na musamman waɗanda suka sa ya bambanta da yawancin transition metals. Yana da siffofi na waje, da na ciki, da atomic properties waɗanda suka ba shi damar kasancewa sinadari mai matuƙar amfani a fannoni daban-daban.
Wurinsa a jadawalin sinadarai
A jadawalin sinadarai, Ruthenium yana da lambar atomic 44 kuma yana cikin rukuni na 8 da kuma layi na 5. Wannan matsayi yana nuna cewa yana cikin transition metals, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da sinadarai kamar iron, osmium, da ruthenium na rukunin ƙarafan platinum. Electron configuration ɗinsa yana ba shi damar shiga cikin oxidation states da dama, wanda ke sa ya iya samar da compounds iri-iri.
Siffofin waje
A ɓangaren siffofin waje, Ruthenium ƙarfe ne mai launin azurfa mai ɗan toka wanda yake da ƙarfi sosai. Yana da dogon lokacin tafasa da narkewa, wanda ke nuna cewa yana iya jure matsanancin zafi ba tare da narkewa cikin sauƙi ba. Haka kuma yana da nauyi mai yawa, wanda ke nuna cewa atoms ɗinsa suna cunkushe sosai a cikin crystal lattice. Yana da matuƙar juriya ga lalacewa a yanayin al’ada, kuma ba ya saurin lalacewa idan ya haɗu da ruwa ko iska. Wannan halayya ta sa ake amfani da shi a wuraren da ake buƙatar kayan da za su daɗe ba tare da sun lalace ba.
Siffofin ciki
Ruthenium yana iya shiga cikin oxidation states da dama, daga −2 zuwa +8, amma mafi yawan compounds ɗinsa suna amfani da oxidation states kamar +2, +3, +4, da +8. Wannan damar shiga yanayi daban-daban na oxidation yana ba shi damar samar da compounds masu yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su a catalysis da binciken kimiyya.
Siffofin lantarki
Haka kuma Ruthenium yana da kyakkyawan tsarin lantarki. Yana iya gudanar da wutar lantarki da zafi cikin inganci, wanda ke sa ya dace da amfani a microelectronics da wasu kayan aikin zamani. Tsarin atomic ɗinsa yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da electrons masu shiga cikin bonding cikin sauƙi, wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da compounds masu rikitarwa da kuma ƙara amfani da shi a fannin materials science.
Hulɗa da sauran sinadarai
Ruthenium yana daga cikin sinadarai masu matuƙar jurewa hulɗa da wasu sinadarai idan aka kwatanta da yawancin transition metals. Wannan juriya tana da alaƙa da matsayinsa a cikin platinum group metals, waɗanda aka san su da ƙarancin hulɗa da kuma ƙarfin jure lalacewa. Duk da haka, wannan ba yana nufin Ruthenium ba ya shiga hulɗa da sauran sinadarai ba. A ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, musamman idan an yi amfani da zafi mai yawa ko kuma sinadarai masu ƙarfi, Ruthenium yana iya yin hulɗa da sinadarai da dama ya samar da compounds iri-iri.
Hulɗa da oxygen
Lokacin da Ruthenium ya haɗu da oxygen a yanayin yau da kullum, ba ya saurin yin oxidation saboda samuwar wata siririyar oxide layer a samansa wanda ke kare shi daga ci gaba da lalacewa. Amma idan aka ƙara masa zafi sosai, yana iya samar da oxides daban-daban. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu shi ne ruthenium tetroxide (RuO₄), wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin compounds mafi ƙarfi da Ruthenium ke samarwa. Wannan oxide yana da matuƙar ƙarfi wajen oxidizing kuma yana iya shiga hulɗa da wasu sinadarai cikin sauƙi.
Hulɗa da ruwa
Dangane da ruwa, Ruthenium ba ya yin hulɗa kai tsaye da ruwa a yanayin al’ada. Ba ya narkewa a ruwa kuma ba ya sakin hydrogen kamar yadda alkali metals suke yi. Wannan yana nuna irin juriyar da yake da ita ga lalacewa. Duk da haka, wasu compounds na Ruthenium suna narkewa a ruwa kuma suna samar da ions masu amfani a fannoni daban-daban na bincike da masana’antu.
Hulɗa da acids
Ruthenium yana iya yin hulɗa da acids, amma yawancin acids masu rauni ba sa iya lalata shi cikin sauƙi. Hydrochloric acid da sulfuric acid a yanayin al’ada ba sa yin tasiri sosai a kansa. Sai dai idan aka yi amfani da haɗaɗɗun acids masu ƙarfi ko kuma oxidizing acids tare da zafi, Ruthenium na iya shiga hulɗa ya samar da gishiri ko wasu compounds. Wannan juriya ga acids shi ne dalilin da ya sa ake amfani da shi a wasu kayan aikin masana’antu da ke aiki a wurare masu tsananin.
Hulɗa da halogens
Haka kuma Ruthenium yana iya yin hulɗa da halogens kamar fluorine, chlorine, bromine, da iodine. Fluorine shi ne mafi ƙarfi a cikinsu, domin yana iya yin hulɗa da Ruthenium cikin sauƙi ya samar da fluorides masu oxidation states daban-daban. Chlorine ma yana iya yin hulɗa da shi idan akwai zafi mai yawa. Waɗannan compounds suna da muhimmanci a binciken kimiyyar sinadarai saboda suna taimakawa wajen fahimtar siffofin bonding da oxidation states na Ruthenium.
Babban dalilin da ya sa Ruthenium baya da yawan hulɗa kamar wasu karafa shi ne ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin electrons ɗinsa da kuma matsayinsa a platinum group metals. Electrons ɗin da ke cikin d-orbitals suna taimakawa wajen samar da bonding mai ƙarfi, wanda ke sa atoms ɗinsa su kasance masu kwanciyar hankali. Wannan shi ne abin da ya sa Ruthenium yake da juriya ga oxidation, lalacewa, da kuma yawan reactions a yanayin al’ada.
Rabe-raben isotopes na ruthenium
Ruthenium yana da isotopes masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da stable isotopes da radioactive isotopes. Masana kimiyya sun gano sama da isotopes talatin na Ruthenium, amma akwai wasu daga cikinsu da suke da muhimmanci saboda samuwarsu a yanayi ko kuma amfani da su a bincike.
Ruthenium-96 (⁹⁶Ru)
Ruthenium-96 yana ɗaya daga cikin dawwamammun isotopes na Ruthenium kuma shi ne mafi ƙarancin yawa daga cikin isotopes ɗinsa. Yana da protons 44 da neutrons 52 a cikin nucleus ɗinsa. Duk da ƙarancin samuwarsa, yana da muhimmanci a binciken nuclear structure da kuma nazarin yadda nuclei masu dawwama suke kasancewa.
Ruthenium-98 (⁹⁸Ru)
Ruthenium-98 dawwamammen isotope ne wanda yake da matsakaicin samuwa a yanayi. Wannan isotope ba ya nuna radioactivity kuma yana da muhimmanci wajen nazarin isotopic abundances a cikin ma’adinai da kuma binciken samuwar sinadarai a taurari da sauran abubuwan da ke sararin samaniya.
Ruthenium-99 (⁹⁹Ru)
Ruthenium-99 shi ma dawwamammen isotope ne mai muhimmanci wanda yake fitowa a wasu lokuta daga radioactive decay na Technetium-99. Wannan isotope yana taimakawa masana wajen fahimtar nuclear decay chains da kuma hanyoyin da radioactive isotopes ke rikiɗewa zuwa isotope mai dawwama.
Ruthenium-100 (¹⁰⁰Ru)
Ruthenium-100 yana daga cikin isotopes masu yawa a yanayi kuma shi ma dawwamammen isotope ne. Yana taka rawa a binciken ayyukan nukiliya da kuma bin diddigin isotopes, musamman wajen gano tarihin samuwar ma’adinai da abubuwan da suka faru a farkon samuwar tsarin hasken rana.
Ruthenium-101 (¹⁰¹Ru)
Ruthenium-101 shi ma isotope ne mai dawwama wanda yake da muhimmanci wajen binciken nuclear magnetic resonance da wasu fannoni na spectroscopy. Tsarin nucleus ɗinsa yana ba masana damar nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin nucleus da electrons.
Ruthenium-102 (¹⁰²Ru)
Ruthenium-102 shi ne isotope mafi yawa daga cikin isotopes na Ruthenium da ake samu a yanayi. Yana da muhimmanci sosai a nazarin isotopic abundances da kuma geochemistry. Saboda yawan samuwar shi, ana amfani da shi a matsayin reference isotope a wasu binciken kimiyya.
Ruthenium-104 (¹⁰⁴Ru)
Ruthenium-104 isotope ne dawwamamme wanda shi ma yana da yawan samuwa a yanayi. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen binciken nuclear physics da kuma isotopic composition na platinum group metals. Yawancin atoms na Ruthenium da ake samu a yanayi suna ɗauke da wannan isotope.
Sauran isotopes
Baya ga dawwamammun isotopes, Ruthenium yana da isotopes masu gajeriyar rayuwa, wato masu lalacewa, kamar Ruthenium-97, Ruthenium-103, Ruthenium-106, da wasu da dama. Daga cikinsu, Ruthenium-106 yana da muhimmanci sosai saboda yana fitowa a matsayin fission product a nuclear reactors. Wannan isotope yana lalacewa ta hanyar beta decay har ya rikiɗe zuwa Rhodium-106. Ana amfani da wasu radioactive isotopes na Ruthenium a binciken kimiyya da kuma nazarin ayyukan nukiliya, amma saboda haɗarin lalacewar su ana sarrafa su ne cikin kulawa sosai.
Samuwa a yanayi
Ruthenium ba ya daga cikin sinadarai masu yawa a doron ƙasa, amma duk da haka yana samuwa a yanayi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙarafan rukunin platinum. Yawanci ba a samun shi a matsayin sinadari mai zaman kansa cikin manyan adadi, sai dai yana haɗuwa da sauran ƙarafa a cikin ma’adinai.
Mafi yawan Ruthenium ana samun shi ne a cikin ma’adinan platinum da nickel sulfide ores. A irin waɗannan ma’adinai, Ruthenium yana kasancewa tare da platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, da iridium. Saboda haka, yawanci ba a haƙo shi shi kaɗai, sai dai ana samun shi ne a matsayin ƙari yayin tace platinum ko nickel.
Manyan ƙasashen da suke da ma’adinan Ruthenium sun haɗa da Afirka ta Kudu, Rasha, Kanada, Zimbabwe, da Amurka. Daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashe, Afirka ta Kudu ita ce ke kan gaba wajen samar da ƙarafan rukunin platinum gabaɗaya, ciki har da Ruthenium.
A ƙarƙashin ƙasan duniya, Ruthenium yana da ƙarancin yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙarafa kamar iron ko aluminium. Ana ƙiyasta cewa yana cikin sinadarai masu ƙarancin samuwa a cikin ƙasa, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa yake da tsada a kasuwannin duniya.
Baya ga doron ƙasa, an gano Ruthenium a cikin meteorites da wasu abubuwan da suka fito daga sararin samaniya. Wannan ya taimaka wa masana kimiyya wajen fahimtar yadda sinadarai masu nauyi suka samu a lokacin da taurari da duniyoyi suke samuwa.
Saboda ƙarancin samuwar shi da kuma muhimmancin amfaninsa, Ruthenium yana daga cikin sinadarai masu daraja a kimiyya da masana’antu, kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙarafan platinum masu amfani a duniyar zamani.
Hanyoyin samuwar ruthenium
Ruthenium ba ya daga cikin sinadarai da ake haƙowa kai tsaye daga ƙasa kamar yadda ake yi wa ƙarafa irin su baƙin ƙarfe ko tagulla. Maimakon haka, yawanci ana samun shi ne a matsayin wani sinadari da ke haɗe da sauran sinadarai a rukunin platinum. Saboda haka, hanyoyin samuwar Ruthenium suna da alaƙa ne da haƙo ma’adinan platinum da nickel, sannan a ware shi daga sauran sinadarai ta hanyoyin kimiyya masu rikitarwa.
Haƙar ma’adanai
Mataki na farko shi ne haƙo ma’adinan da suke ɗauke da platinum group metals daga ƙasa. Waɗannan ma’adinai suna ƙunshe adadi kaɗan na Ruthenium idan aka kwatanta da sauran sinadarai, saboda haka sai an haƙo adadi mai yawa na ma’adani kafin a sami ɗan ƙaramin adadin Ruthenium. Bayan an haƙo ma’adanin, ana fasa shi zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyi domin a sauƙaƙa raba sinadarai da ke cikinsa.
Daga nan ne ake amfani da hanyoyin tacewa domin ware platinum group metals daga sauran abubuwan da suke cikin ma’adanin. Ana amfani da zafi mai yawa da kuma wasu sinadarai masu ƙarfi domin narkar da wasu abubuwa da ba a so, yayin da ake tara sinadaran da ake nema.
Bayan an ware sinadaran da ke rukunin platinum gabaɗaya, sai a fara aikin rarraba su ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Wannan shi ne mataki mafi wahala, domin Ruthenium yana da kamanceceniya sosai da sauran sinadarai irin su osmium, rhodium, da platinum. Masana suna amfani da bambancin oxidation states da kuma yadda compounds ɗinsu ke narkewa domin raba su.
A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da oxygen da chlorine a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman domin samar da compounds na Ruthenium da za a iya warewa cikin sauƙi. Bayan haka, ana yin reduction domin dawo da shi zuwa ƙarfe mai tsafta. Wannan mataki yana buƙatar kulawa sosai saboda duk wani ƙaramar gurɓacewa daga sauran platinum group metals na iya rage ingancin Ruthenium.
Bayan an samu Ruthenium mai tsafta, ana iya sake narkar da shi ko a haɗa shi da wasu karafa domin samar da alloys masu ƙarfi. Haka kuma ana sarrafa shi zuwa powder, foil, ko wasu siffofi da suka dace da amfani a masana’antu da binciken kimiyya.
Amfanin ruthenium
Ruthenium yana daga cikin sinadarai masu matuƙar muhimmanci a masana’antu da kimiyyar zamani duk da cewa ba ya samuwa da yawa a doron ƙasa. Abin da ya ba shi wannan muhimmanci shi ne juriya ga lalacewa, ƙarfi, kyakkyawan siffar lantarki, da kuma ikonsa na yin aiki a matsayin catalyst.
Amfanin masana’antu
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake amfani da Ruthenium shi ne a masana’antar catalysts. Yawancin haɗe-haɗen sinadarai a masana’antu suna buƙatar catalysts domin su gudana cikin sauri da inganci. Ruthenium yana daga cikin catalysts mafi inganci saboda yana iya taimakawa wajen hulɗa ba tare da shi kansa ya lalace ba. Ana amfani da shi wajen samar da ammonia, hydrogen, da wasu muhimman sinadarai da ake amfani da su a noma da masana’antu.
A masana’antar tace man fetur, Ruthenium yana taimakawa wajen sauya manyan hydrocarbons zuwa ƙananan sinadarai masu amfani. Wannan yana ƙara ingancin man fetur da kuma rage samar da wasu abubuwa masu gurɓata muhalli.
Lantarki
A fannin lantarki, Ruthenium yana da muhimmiyar rawa saboda kyakkyawar siffar lantarki da jure lalacewa da yake da shi. Ana amfani da shi wajen ƙera resistors, electrical contacts, da kuma wasu sassan microchips. A baya ma an yi amfani da shi wajen ƙera hard disk drives saboda yana taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan bayanan da za a iya adanawa a ƙaramin fili.
Ruthenium yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen ƙera alloys. Idan aka haɗa shi da platinum ko palladium, yana ƙara musu ƙarfi, juriyar lalacewa, da kuma tsawon rayuwa. Saboda haka ana amfani da irin waɗannan alloys wajen ƙera kayan aikin likitanci, kayan gwaje-gwaje, da wasu sassa na jiragen sama.
A fannin binciken kimiyya, compounds na Ruthenium suna da muhimmanci sosai. Masana suna amfani da su wajen nazarin chemical bonding, electron transfer, da kuma photochemistry. Wasu daga cikin compounds ɗinsa suna da ƙarfin zuƙar haske ko fitar da haske, wanda ya sa ake amfani da su a binciken makamashin hasken rana da kuma ƙera sabbin kayan aiki masu amfani da haske.
Haka kuma, a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan an fara gudanar da bincike sosai a kan yiwuwar amfani da compounds na Ruthenium a maganin cutar daji. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan compounds sun nuna alamar cewa suna iya lalata ƙwayoyin cutar daji tare da rage illar da ake samu ga lafiyayyun ƙwayoyin halittar jiki. Duk da yake har yanzu ana ci gaba da bincike, wannan ya nuna cewa Ruthenium na iya samun muhimmiyar rawa a likitancin gaba.
Illolin ruthenium
Duk da muhimmancin Ruthenium a kimiyya da masana’antu, yana da wasu illoli da haɗura waɗanda dole ne a yi la’akari da su. Waɗannan illoli sun fi bayyana idan mutum ya yi hulɗa da Ruthenium ko compounds ɗinsa ba tare da kariya ba, musamman a wuraren aiki da dakunan gwaje-gwaje.
Ruthenium ƙarfe mai tsarki ba ya da yawan guba idan aka kwatanta da wasu heavy metals. Amma idan ya kasance a matsayin ƙura ko powder, yana iya shiga cikin jiki ta hanyar numfashi. Idan mutum ya shaki ƙurar Ruthenium na dogon lokaci, tana iya haddasa matsaloli ga hanyoyin numfashi, musamman ga huhu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ake amfani da kayan kariya a wuraren da ake sarrafa shi.
Wasu compounds na Ruthenium suna da guba sosai fiye da ƙarfen kansa. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu shi ne ruthenium tetroxide (RuO₄). Wannan sinadari yana da ƙarfi sosai wajen yin oxidation kuma yana iya janyo ƙaiƙayi da lalacewar fata, idanu, da hanyoyin numfashi idan aka yi hulɗa da shi kai tsaye. Idan ya shiga jiki da yawa, yana iya lalata wasu ƙwayoyin halitta saboda ƙarfinsa na yin oxidation.
A masana’antu, haɗarin Ruthenium ya fi fitowa ne yayin narkarwa, tacewa, ko sarrafa compounds ɗinsa. A irin waɗannan wurare, ana iya samun ƙura ko tururi da ke ɗauke da Ruthenium, wanda zai iya zama haɗari idan ma’aikata ba su yi amfani da kayan kariya ba. Saboda haka, ana amfani da tsarin kariya mai tsauri domin rage yiwuwar hulɗa da shi.
Dangane da muhalli, Ruthenium ba ya cikin sinadarai da suka fi haddasa gurɓata muhalli. Amma idan compounds ɗinsa suka shiga ruwa ko ƙasa a manyan adadi, suna iya taruwa a wasu halittu kuma su shafi tsarin rayuwa na muhalli. Saboda haka, masana’antu suna da ƙa’idoji masu tsauri game da yadda ake zubar da sharar da ke ɗauke da Ruthenium.
Akwai kuma isotopes masu radioactivity na Ruthenium, musamman waɗanda ake samu daga nuclear fission. Waɗannan isotopes suna iya fitar da radiation wanda zai iya zama haɗari idan aka yi hulɗa da su ba tare da kariya ba. Saboda haka, ana sarrafa su ne a ƙarƙashin ƙa’idojin kariya daga radiation domin kare lafiyar ma’aikata da muhalli.
Manazarta
Periodic Table. (n.d.). Ruthenium – Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table.
Lenn Tech.(n.d.). Ruthenium (Ru) – Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects. Lenn Tech.
Sahu, A. K., Dash, D. K., Mishra, K., Mishra, S. P., Yadav, R., & Kashyap, P. (2018). Properties and applications of Ruthenium. In InTech eBooks.
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